What type of British identity was created during the wars with France, Essay

What type of British identity was created during the wars with France, 1793-1815 - Essay Example A nation’s identity is also every bit as dependent upon particular aspects which the citizens of that country might not be especially proud of; for instance, there is no denying that Germany’s national identity includes the horrors of the Nazis and the Holocaust. As these examples have been drawn from instances of wars, it is not a difficult stretch to say that times of war and how a country reacts to being at war is very important in the creation of a national identity. In the case of England, the Napoleonic Wars with France were extremely important in the creation of the British national identity not only because of a threat of invasion but because of the ideologically opposing views held by the citizens of both countries. In considering these differences, we can come to understand the various aspects of British society that took root during these conflicts that still inform the idea of being British to this day. After the failed invasion of England by France, there was great concern of possible future invasions. The preparations made by Napoleon were extensive in their planning, and it was mostly because of conflicts in Egypt and Austria that the full-scale invasion did not take place. Furthermore, this attempted invasion also informed the British navy of future tactics and preparations in case of another invasion. Beyond the actual invading army aspect of this event, the British also used the event to publish anti-French propaganda, and Napoleon became the figurehead for everything that represented the French, and thus he became the object the British scorn to a certain extent: â€Å"In the British imagination, Napoleon became a tool put to uses he himself never contemplated† (Semmel 250). The first thing that must be mentioned about the British national identity is that not every person in England during the time of the Napoleonic Wars subscribed to the same views. There were many French sympathizers among the British. In fact,

Institute of Technology Essay Example for Free

Institute of Technology Essay A minor news item featured in MSNBC last month, from which the above excerpt is taken, talks about a 38-year-old aging nuclear power plant in the state of Vermont that is still efficient but appears to pose increasing threat to the environment. The local and state authorities want it to be decommissioned, but the owner of the plant, Entergy corp. , intends to run it for another 20 years. The plant meets one-third of the state’s electricity needs, and the people of Vermont are very much dependent on it for the electricity, of course. But at the same time they have grown distrustful of the quality of management at the plant and the plant’s viability. The future of this plant may not be a national or international concern, but it is a crucial issue for the local people. The fundamental dilemma of the situation here reflects, in microcosm, the vastly larger problem of the future of nuclear-generated electricity as such: should we enthusiastically embrace it or wisely abjure it? Many of the rapidly developing countries of the world, especially, tend to be upbeat about the potential of nuclear power, while in some of the developed countries where nuclear power has been put to use for generating electricity for several decades now there has been an increasing degree of opposition to the continued reliance on nuclear power, from the point of view of threats it poses to the environment. As in the case of Vermont Yankee power plant, the basic conflict in the nuclear power sector is between the potential and the potential risk. The Vermont facility has still the potential to supply a large fraction of the state’s electricity needs for a couple of decades more which is by no means a mean feat, but there are signs, such as the recent tritium leak detected at the plant, of the decreased reliability and robustness of the plant. The Vermont news story provokes the question: Can nuclear power plants be robust and reliable in general? The rewards they proffer may outweigh the risks they pose, but even so, do the rewards far outweigh the risks so that the risks – to the extent they are present – can be considered acceptable? A number of countries of the world have benefitted from nuclear power for several decades now with only one major disaster to speak of so far. But how many closely averted disasters such as the Three-Mile Island incident of 1979 there might have been — it is difficult to estimate. Because, as can be seen in the case of Vermont facility, there is apparently a widespread culture of â€Å"leaks and lies† in the nuclear power sector, which tends to neatly cover up inefficiencies, mismanagement, breaches, increased risks and so on. The world’s experience with nuclear-generated electricity so far could be seen as a trial or an experiment, based on which we are compelled to take decisions regarding the future of nuclear power. Should the world’s reliance on nuclear power be dramatically expanded, as advocated by many nuclear power enthusiasts and as was initially expected when nuclear power technologies were developing in the 1950’s? Or, should we gradually phase out our dependence on nuclear power and switch to much safer alternatives, or should a middle way be adopted? There are many well-informed people who would like to see all nuclear power plants shut down — how far are their fears valid? Literature Review: 1) Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2003, 2009) The Future of Nuclear Power: An Interdisciplinary Study. Retrieved from http://web. mit. edu/nuclearpower/ The experts at MIT â€Å"believe† in nuclear power and prominently emphasize the chief advantage of absence of carbon emissions in its production. This study takes a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to assessing the feasibility of nuclear power. While the basic stance of MIT favors the increased use of nuclear power, the risks are not downplayed. The issues that the nuclear industry faces are tackled in a clear and detailed way. The study does succeed in inspiring confidence in the potential of nuclear power. Though the fears and concerns are not really eliminated, they are not simply vague forebodings of doom now but are based on actual facts and conditions. The challenges can be dealt with, in principle, with more commitment and initiative. 2) Biello D. (2009). The Future of Nuclear Power: An In-depth Report. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www. scientificamerican. com/report. cfm? id=nuclear-future This is a 4-part in-depth report featured in the Scientific American magazine in early 2009. The first report, â€Å"Find Fissile Fuel,† explores the issue of availability of uranium and other raw materials for nuclear power. The second report, â€Å"Reactivating Nuclear Reactors for the Fight against Climate Change,† examines the ongoing escalation in nuclear power production in the U. S. â€Å"Spent Nuclear Fuel,† the third part, deals with the major issue of nuclear waste management. The final report, â€Å"Atomic Weight: Balancing the Risks and Rewards of a Power Source,† asks the question: â€Å"Is it worth the minor chance of a major catastrophe? † 3) Department of Trade and Industry, U. K. (2007). The Future of Nuclear Power: The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy. Retrieved from www. berr. gov. uk/files/file39197. pdf This is a UK government white paper / consultation document on the relevance of nuclear power in addressing the issues related to global warming and climate change and ensuring continued energy supplies. Though it is a document of advice and information provided to the UK government to help it make decisions, a consideration of the particularities of the UK situation can be useful in more general contexts. In the UK, nuclear power is already making a significant contribution to the ‘electricity generating mix’ and this paper is inclined to the view that it could make an even more prominent contribution. 4) Mahaffey, J. (2009). Atomic Awakening: A New Look at the History and Future of Nuclear Power. New York : Pegasus Books Mahaffey, a senior research scientist at Georgia Tech Research Institute, has written a book meant to interest laymen about nuclear power and its possibilities. He wants to show us that nuclear energy is not the monster it is portrayed to be; while the risks cannot be completely mitigated it can still be used in a very safe manner. One of the barriers to greater acceptance of nuclear power is the general unfamiliarity of the subject, the degree of alienation between the common man and the tall-standing nuclear reactors. The author seeks to bridge this gap by familiarizing his audience with the subject in an entertaining and engaging manner, largely in a historical perspective. 5) Smith, J Beresford, N. A. (2005). Chernobyl: catastrophe and consequences. New York : Springer The public perception of nuclear power has radically changed after the Chernobyl tragedy. Ever since, people living in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant are naturally beset with fears that their installation does not turn out to be another Chernobyl. And if a nuclear facility is actually having some known problems, as in the case of Vermont, these fears are vastly exacerbated. In this context it is very pertinent to understand what caused Chernobyl and assess how likely is it for a similar disaster to happen again, for broadly similar reasons. Smith and Beresford’s detailed yet uncomplicated account of the Chernobyl incident is useful for developing a mental picture of the events that led to the 1986 mishap, what really occurred and how it was handled. Methodology: This short paper is built around a minor incident at Vermont’s nuclear power plant and the public reaction to it — with the aim of examining the broader implications of nuclear power to the future of the world. We propose to survey the works cited in the literature review in order to glean the opinions and standpoint of their authors in regard to the risks and rewards presented by the use of nuclear power. A special focus is laid on the Chernobyl incident. Results: — The MIT study of 2003, later updated in 2009, is the one of the most authoritative studies in this field. It begins with what would appear like a sad note that despite the great promise nuclear power holds in regard to significantly restricting earth’s green house emissions, nuclear power is virtually facing stagnation. It recommends a tripling of world’s nuclear generating capacity of the world by 2050 in order to turn around the situation of decline. Doing so would help in cutting 25% of the increment in greenhouse gas emissions which would occur if such a resurgence of nuclear power did not take place. The safety of modern reactor designs is considerably superior to those of the earlier models, and there is very low risk of serious accidents. However, the very low risk associated with modern nuclear reactors holds true only when their operation implements â€Å"best practices. † Proliferation is another major concern in regard to nuclear power generation. With increased use of nuclear power, there is increasing likelihood of misuse of raw materials and technology for manufacturing nuclear weapons. The existing international safeguards regime is far from being adequate, according to the report, to meet the greater security challenges of a global growth in nuclear usage. Especially, the kind of reprocessing system that is used in a majority of nuclear power using countries, including European Union, Japan and Russia, poses unwarranted risks of proliferation. Waste management is yet another major area of concern. Closed fuel cycles involving reprocessing are generally considered to offer waste management benefits, but the study is not convinced of their benefits; improved open fuel cycles can offer just as many benefits and they present diminished security threats along with decreased costs. The study therefore recommends open, once-through fuel cycles for facing both security and waste management challenges in a better way. However, the international safeguards regime needs to be improved, and greater efforts have to be put in by the government and the private enterprise to develop better solutions for the waste disposal problem. Apart from the safety, proliferation, and waste management concerns, the fundamental issue in regard to nuclear power is the cost, which is not yet competitive with the other conventional modes of power generation. However, even this problem is not insurmountable, and various strategies are suggested to increase the economic feasibility of nuclear power. Finally, forebodings and misguided perceptions among the public present a great barrier for creating a movement to expand the world’s nuclear power capacity. This, the report suggests, can be dealt with by implementing an intensive program of public education. — The 4th part of Scientific American’s in-depth feature on the future of nuclear power covers many risky scenarios faced by the American nuclear power sector in the past few decades. The report leads us to conclude that the future of nuclear power in the US largely depends on the quality of management of the nuclear installations. So far the US has a rather impressive track record in running the nuclear facilities, and this consistency is likely to continue. — A chapter in the UK white paper on the future of nuclear power addresses the specific safety and security risks posed by nuclear installations. It stresses on the additional safety features added to the latest models of nuclear reactors: Designers of nuclear power stations have taken this earlier operational experience and learned lessons from previous nuclear events. They have added features to reduce the likelihood of plant failures and to limit the consequences when failures occur. (p. 105) From design to operations and maintenance, rigorous procedures can be developed, and in fact have been developed, which make nuclear energy one of the best options for meeting the electricity needs of UK and Europe. — Mahaffey, in his book ‘Atomic Awakening’ raises many interesting points. He observes, for example, that Chernobyl caused only 55 to 60 deaths (most of them being fire fighters exposed to lethal doses of radiation), whereas the Bhopal incident which took place in 1984 in India killed over 15,000 of the city’s inhabitants. Despite the overblown public fears, the safety record of the nuclear industry world wide is relatively very solid. There is no reason why people should fear nuclear power generation more than they fear many other processes to do with advanced technology. Seen from a safety perspective, nuclear power plants are like airlines: a single disaster can create great fear among the public for air travel, but when we look at the statistical record of safety of airlines and compare them with road transport, airplanes turn out to be vastly safer than cars. — In the early hours of April 26, 1986, a massive nuclear reactor accident took place at the Chernobyl Power Plant in Ukraine. A small test procedure that was being conducted went completely out of control, resulting in two non-nuclear explosions that demolished the heavy ceiling of the reactor and expelled the radioactive contents and waste products of the reactor’s core into the surroundings. Chernobyl is the worst nuclear disaster in the history. It has cast a heavy shadow on the entire nuclear industry which continues to darken the horizons. But we must note that the Chernobyl disaster is a result of bad design compounded by bad management practices and a work culture which flouted all safety considerations. One safety feature after another was deliberately suppressed in order to facilitate the test procedure; serious warnings were callously disregarded. The Chernobyl meltdown occurred as a result of operator incompetence on a huge scale, as was acknowledged by the Soviet official report of the disaster. A group of technicians are directly responsible for this disaster, and they committed six serious violations or errors besides many others. Many of the operators as well as managers in charge at Chernobyl actually knew very little about nuclear technology. Moreover, there were certain high-risk features associated with the RBMK design of the Chernobyl reactors. A Chernobyl can never happen in the Western world because the minimal industrial standards here are far superior to those that prevailed in the Soviet Union during the last years of its existence. Conclusion: Nuclear power plants have been safe and would continue to be safe — in the context of advanced nations. But the real problem comes when we consider nuclear energy in the setting of the developing nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America. All the studies we have dealt with so far focus on the U. S. , U. K. and the E. U. How would nuclear power fare in the volatile developing countries is in fact even difficult to outline even in broad terms. The major obstacle for the Third World Countries in embracing nuclear power is the cost. However, in a bid to develop environment-friendly energy sources, Western nations are engaged in bringing down the costs of production of nuclear power. If they succeed, nuclear power production can spread rapidly in the developing countries of the world, and this can have potentially highly adverse consequences. A Chernobyl can never happen in the U. S. or Europe, but it can very well happen in Angola or Pakistan or Columbia. References: Associated Press. Vermont Town Halls Want Nuclear Plant Shut. MSNBC. Retrieved from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/35687805 Biello D. (2009). The Future of Nuclear Power: An In-depth Report. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www. scientificamerican. com/report. cfm? id=nuclear-future Department of Trade and Industry, U. K. (2007). The Future of Nuclear Power: The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy. Retrieved from www. berr. gov. uk/files/file39197. pdf Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2003, 2009) The Future of Nuclear Power: An Interdisciplinary Study. Retrieved from http://web. mit. edu/nuclearpower/ Mahaffey, J. (2009). Atomic Awakening: A New Look at the History and Future of Nuclear Power. New York : Pegasus Books Smith, J Beresford, N. A. (2005). Chernobyl: catastrophe and consequences. New York : Springer

The effectiveness of the Non Native Speaking Teacher Essay -- Language

Introduction With the number of English users around the word reaching a probable 2 billion (Crystal 2003), it can be confidently stated that the English language has achieved the status of the world’s lingua franca (Wardhaugh, 2006). The increase in the use of the language has led to an increase in the demand for English language courses (Nunan 2003). Therefore, this has also led to an increase in the demand for English language teachers. These teachers can be both Native Speaking Teachers (NST) and Non-Native Speaking Teachers (NNST). This essay will set out to evaluate the effectiveness of the NNST on learner acquisition of the target language. In this essay, the NNST will be used to refer to someone for whom English is not their language first language, but is a second or foreign language. Also, the target language referred to in this essay, is the English language. Another important point is that it will be necessary to support the arguments by comparing the NNST and NST. This essay w ill suggest that the NNST is as good as the NST when teaching the ESL class is monolingual Model (Learner vs. Language) Many people think that NSTs are the best model since they speak the language naturally (Sahin 2005). According to Rampton (1996), NSTs who do not possess teaching qualifications are more likely to be hired than NNST who are both as qualified and experienced teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Even students may generally look for NSTs because of their natural fluency. However, it might be argued that speaking a language and teaching a language are two separate issues. Medgyes (1999) draws a distinction between language model and learner model. He argues that NST are better language models, as learners may want to ... ...Oxford University Press. Rampton, M. B. H. (1996). Displacing the "native speaker": Expertise, affiliation, and inheritance. In T. Hedge & N. Whitney (Eds.), "Power, pedagogy & practice" (pp. 9-22). Oxford: Oxford University Press. R. Terrance R. Boak and Rodney C. Conklin. The Effect of Teachers' Levels of Interpersonal Skills on Junior High School Students' Achievement and Anxiety American Educational Research Journal. Vol. 12, No. 4 (Autumn, 1975), pp. 537-543 Sahin, Ismet (2005). The effect of Native speaker Teachers of English on the Attitudes and Achievement of Learners. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, Vol.1, No.1 Senel, M (2006). Suggestions for Beautifying the Pronunciation of EFL Learners in Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, Vol.2, No.1 Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Wiley-Blackwel

Existence of God :: Ontological arguments

The dilemma of the existence of God has troubled mankind for thousands of years. Many philosophers have put forth their theories in order to prove the existence of God. Most of these arguments can be termed as ontological. These arguments differ from other arguments for the existence of God since they are not based on empirical data such as the existence or nature of the universe, but are rather grounded in pure logic. First we will consider the arguments presented by Anselm. He believed that God is ‘that than which nothing greater can be conceived’; if one understand this, then God exists in his mind; but it is greater to exist in reality as well as in the mind than to exist only in the mind; therefore, something that exists only in the mind is not ‘that than which nothing greater can be conceived’; therefore, God exists in reality as well. Anselm also puts this another way: we can conceive of a being that cannot be conceived not to exist; such a being is greater than one that can be conceived not to exist; therefore the greatest conceivable being cannot be conceived not to exist; therefore, the greatest conceivable being exists. This argument does seem to conclude that something resembling the traditional theistic God exists – unlike the cosmological and teleological arguments, which seem restricted to a creator and a designer respectively. This argument was immediately criticized by Gaunilo, who argued that parallel reasoning could be applied to prove the existence of a perfect island. This is a reduction of Anselm’s position: it shows it to have absurd consequences. However, it is not clear that there is a coherent concept of the perfect island to start with: how many palm trees is the perfect number? Anselm’s own reply seems to distinguish the perfect island – which is a perfect example of one kind of thing – from the perfect being – which is a perfect example of a thing, with no restriction to kind. It is no virtue, excellence, perfection of an island qua island that it exists, but it is a virtue, excellence, perfection of a being that it exists, so the argument works only for the concept of a perfect being. The bigger criticism is the one Kant levied at Descartes’s version of the argument, but applies equally to Anselm’s. It is that existence is not a great-making quality of a being, because it is not a quality of a being at all; in Kant’s terms ‘existence is not a real predicate’.

Generic vs. Name Brand

You Get What You Pay For When you shop for groceries where do you stand in choosing either a generic vs. brand name product? Do you reach for the brand name box of Kraft macaroni and cheese, or would you rather pick up a generic box of macaroni and cheese to save that extra 10 cents? Is your decision based off a difference in taste or is it simply a matter of paying for quality of the product? What does spending more money on a brand name food product have to say about who we are in our culture today?Today there is an idea that by buying a brand name product a person is buying something of more quality, which can strangely in turn determine our importance in society. My mother stood firm by the phrase â€Å"you get what you pay for†. Meaning name brand foods taste better and are higher quality, and that the no name â€Å"generic† brands are cheap and don’t taste as good. I even remember years ago on a routine trip to the grocery store, my mother asked me to get s paghetti sauce. When I returned my mother remarked, â€Å"Lauren you got the wrong sauce.Please run and get me the good sauce, the name brand spaghetti sauce, not this cheap gross sauce†. Afterwards she was even given a taste test between the two sauces, and struggled to make a choice and give me the right answer to support her belief. Considering most generic brand foods and the name brand foods taste almost identical to one another, wouldn’t one think that the less expensive, no name brand would be the obvious one to buy? Yet society still is drawn to choose the name brand items.Shoppers are quite leery of some categories. Although they’ll snap up store brand paper goods and plastics, consumers almost never buy store-brand wine, pet food, soda, or soup. That may be especially true when the category includes a name brand such as Coca-Cola or Campbell’s. Most grocery store shoppers know that buying generic store brand products instead of the brand name pr oducts can save a lot of money. In fact, by filling a shopping cart with generic brands could save an average of 30 percent on your purchase.If you spend $100 a week on groceries, those savings add up to more than $1,400 a year. Yet some shoppers are insistent to go for the name brands for the reason that they have a name to protect with their product. Meaning satisfaction of the product is guaranteed. However, if they taste the same why is there a price difference at all? Several reasons for the discounted price on the no name generic brands is that companies don’t spend a lot of time or money on product development or on advertising or promotion costs.You definitely pay a little bit more money for the label that is researched, designed and marketed to be more appealing to the targeted buyer. The generic brand companies keep cost low by taking the extra costs of research, marketing and graphic art frills away and presenting you with a less flashy, less quality version of pac kaging for a lower amount of money. People buy generic products to save money, however, it may also have an effect on the buyer’s own sense of self-worth. Buying generic products lower self-esteem. Indulging on top quality items makes us feel better about ourselves.For the most part, buying nice things makes us happy. Although, there are those who find joy in buying generic as well. Some may feel genuinely smart when using generics instead of brand names. This may be a result of the feeling that they received an equal product for less money. Yet that unconscious link between the products we buy and how they make us feel about ourselves suggest that if holding a box of generic corn flakes in the supermarket makes you feel like â€Å"a loser,† than you might want to put it down and reach for the Kellogg’s.To support that brand name foods are better it’s been argued that cost also has to do with the quality of products that are put into the item. You should compare the ingredients of the generic and the name brand before buying. Make sure that they have the same ingredients and that the generic does not have more unhealthy ingredients than the generic. Also, a brand name tends to have a little bit higher quality of products than the generic version. While the generic may list the exact same ingredients, it may not be as good of quality which â€Å"could† affect the taste.The individuals that usually buy brand name products have a tendency to believe they must buy them in order to get good quality. Meaning of course better quality is overall â€Å"better† in taste and health. Although, the qualities of ingredients between products are almost always identical to one another, making this argument nearly useless. The idea of better quality in name brand versus generic moves on still into a more psychological aspect rather than just economic.Society continues to buy into the belief that if it costs more it must be better. Why is that a fancy picture and a higher cost for a product give a person the impression that owning this item makes them feel better about themselves? Pride of ownership comes to play, and something about buying better quality makes a person feel better about a their own status in society. Perhaps a person may feel they work hard and deserve the best or that if they buy the name brand, they will experience better health, happiness, or appearance.This is supported with the fact that even though the spaghetti sauce taste test proved to my mother that there was little or no difference between sauces, she still buys and insists the name brand sauce is better. To this day you will rarely find a generic brand food box or label in my mother’s pantry. Do you really get what you pay for? Well, if you want to help pay the salaries of the advertising, development and research teams that go into the name brand products then you do! However, if you want to save money and still experience a q uality product with a comparable taste, generic no name brands would be the obvious answer.

Free Essays on Jeffery Dahmer

Childhood "When I was a little kid I was just like anybody else." Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer came into the world at 4.34pm on the 21st of May at the Evangelical Deaconess Hospital in Milwaukee 1960. Little did his parents know at the time of his birth that there son would become one of America's most famous serial killers not only for the amount of victims which he had killed but also for dismembering them and his necrophilic tendencies. Jeffrey's childhood started like any other he had two parents who loved and adored there son dearly giving him what ever his heart desired. Joyce Dahmer started a scrap book on her son recording events that happened in his life, his first step, his first accident, his first tooth, his first haircut and even his first scolding. While Jeffrey was still very young his father worked long hours in his laboratory and his mother worked as a teletype machine instructor. But the carrying of Jeffrey had been hard on Joyce Dahmer and every little thing seemed to ann oy her. So Lionel being the the husband that he was and wanting the best for his wife they moved to his mothers house in West Allis, but the crack's in the marriage started to show early. There were constant fights between Joyce and Lionel Dahmer and Jeffrey took each of these fights to heart. Little did they realise that there constant fighting would be the one of the reasons for Jeffrey's downfall. "I decided I wasn't ever going to get married because I never wanted to go through anything like that" A short time before Jeffrey's fourth birthday, Jeffrey was diagnosed with a double hernia that needed to be operated on. This operation left Jeffrey feeling open and exposed nobody explained to Dahmer what was going on. He felt scared by the operation, complete strangers coming up to him and exploring his body. This experience is said to have marked his subconscious forever. But like every little boy of Jeffrey's age he was just like anybody else climbing apple... Free Essays on Jeffery Dahmer Free Essays on Jeffery Dahmer Childhood "When I was a little kid I was just like anybody else." Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer came into the world at 4.34pm on the 21st of May at the Evangelical Deaconess Hospital in Milwaukee 1960. Little did his parents know at the time of his birth that there son would become one of America's most famous serial killers not only for the amount of victims which he had killed but also for dismembering them and his necrophilic tendencies. Jeffrey's childhood started like any other he had two parents who loved and adored there son dearly giving him what ever his heart desired. Joyce Dahmer started a scrap book on her son recording events that happened in his life, his first step, his first accident, his first tooth, his first haircut and even his first scolding. While Jeffrey was still very young his father worked long hours in his laboratory and his mother worked as a teletype machine instructor. But the carrying of Jeffrey had been hard on Joyce Dahmer and every little thing seemed to ann oy her. So Lionel being the the husband that he was and wanting the best for his wife they moved to his mothers house in West Allis, but the crack's in the marriage started to show early. There were constant fights between Joyce and Lionel Dahmer and Jeffrey took each of these fights to heart. Little did they realise that there constant fighting would be the one of the reasons for Jeffrey's downfall. "I decided I wasn't ever going to get married because I never wanted to go through anything like that" A short time before Jeffrey's fourth birthday, Jeffrey was diagnosed with a double hernia that needed to be operated on. This operation left Jeffrey feeling open and exposed nobody explained to Dahmer what was going on. He felt scared by the operation, complete strangers coming up to him and exploring his body. This experience is said to have marked his subconscious forever. But like every little boy of Jeffrey's age he was just like anybody else climbing apple...

Free Essays on Drugs

The state of Illinois, specifically the Chicago area, is the focal point for the flow of illicit drugs into the Great Lakes Region. Chicago is the major hub for the delivery and transshipment of drugs throughout the Great Lakes Region and the Midwest. Three major types of trafficking groups are responsible for most of the drugs in Illinois. Mexican polydrug organizations, Colombian drug organizations trafficking in cocaine and heroin, and Nigerian groups trafficking in Southeast Asian heroin are the major transporters and wholesale distributors of drugs in Chicago. The most common means traffickers use to transport drugs into Chicago are commercial trucks, passenger vehicles, package delivery services, air packages or couriers, and railways. Organized street gangs such as the Gangster Disciples, Vice Lords, and Latin Kings control the distribution and retail of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. Violent crime associated with street gangs, while declining in some urban areas, is increasi ng in suburban and rural areas of the state as these gangs expand their drug markets. Drug use affects the human organism in several ways. A division can be made between psychoactive effects such as changes in perception, cognition, affect, and levels of anxiety or inhibition. Physical effects like increased or diminished heart function, lung function and muscle tension. It is primarily the former effects, which make drugs desirable, and are a major reason for their use. Some of the physical effects enhanced or enduring bodily performance from stimulants, muscle relaxation or sleep from tranquilizers. These psychoactive and physical effects are influenced by the dose, administration mode, psychological or physical condition of the consumer, and the social environment in which drugs are taken. Many of the physical effects are termed because t... Free Essays on Drugs Free Essays on Drugs War on Drugs.† 1.) I have criticized President Nixon’s, â€Å"War on Drugs† both morally and on expediential grounds. Do we have the right to stop an individual from becoming an addict? Force, direct or indirect, should not be allowed to prevent a person’s choice to take drugs or alcohol. The ethical flaw in the war on drugs is similar to alcohol prohibition. 2.) In the drug game, neither the willing buyer or the willing seller has any desire to report a crime. This fact makes informers necessary. Informers and the huge amounts of cash involved leads to corruption, violation of civil rights, forcible entry, and forfeiture of property without due process. 3.) Today, eight times as many people are incarcerated than were in 1970. The number one source for the outrageous prison growth is the war on drugs. 4.) Sher Hosonko calls attention to the fact that we jail 3,109 black men for every 100,000. 5.) The inner cities have an advantage for selling drugs. Therefore, more dealers live in the inner cities. Bullets often fly when arguments between rival drug dealers occur. Ultimately, bullets fly because the drug trade is illegal. 6.) When drugs are illegal it causes prices to soar and quality to decline. Users must maintain a relationship with a criminal to supply their drug habit. An addict who wants treatment has to admit to being a criminal before receiving treatment. 7.) According to the Federal Health and Human Services Department, two-thirds of all terminally ill cancer patients did not receive adequate pain medication. This serious medical injustice is directly linked to pressures placed on physicians who prescribe drugs. 8.) Our war on drugs has undermined the stability of foreign governments. It has also led to thousands of deaths as well as economic loss in these same countries. 9.) Can a policy be moral if it leads to corruption, jail, racism, destroys inner cities, wreaks havoc on misguided individuals and... Free Essays on Drugs Most Americans do not want to spend scarce public funds incarcerating nonviolent marijuana offenders, at a cost of $23,000 per year. Politicians must reconsider our country's priorities and attach more importance to combating violent crime than targeting marijuana smokers. Marijuana prohibition costs taxpayers at least $7.5 billion annually. This is an enormous waste of scarce federal dollars that should be used to target violent crime. Marijuana prohibition makes no exception for the medical use of marijuana. The tens of thousands of seriously ill Americans who presently use marijuana as a therapeutic agent to alleviate symptoms of cancer, AIDS, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis risk arrest and jail to obtain and use their medication. Between 1978 and 1996, 34 states passed laws recognizing marijuana's therapeutic value. Most recently, voters in two states Arizona and California passed laws allowing for the medical use of marijuana under a physician's supervision. Yet, states are severely limited in their ability to implement their medical use laws because of the federal prohibition of marijuana. America tried alcohol prohibition between 1919 and 1931, but discovered that the crime and violence associated with prohibition was more damaging than the evil sought to be prohibited. With tobacco, America has learned over the last decade that education is the most effective way to discourage use. Yet, America fails to apply these lessons to marijuana policy. By stubbornly defining all marijuana smoking as criminal, including that which involves adults smoking in the privacy of their own homes, we are wasting police and prosecutorial resources, clogging courts, filling costly and scarce jail and prison space, and needlessly wrecking the lives and careers of genuinely good citizens. Marijuana legalization offers an important advantage over dec... Free Essays on Drugs BUSH'S DRUG VIDEOS BROKE LAW, ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE DECIDES WASHINGTON - The Government Accountability Office, an investigative arm of Congress, said on Thursday that the Bush administration violated federal law by producing and distributing television news segments about the effects of drug use among young people. The accountability office said the videos "constitute covert propaganda" because the government was not identified as the source of the materials, which were distributed by the Office of National Drug Control Policy. They were broadcast by nearly 300 television stations and reached 22 million households, the office said. The accountability office does not have law enforcement powers, but its decisions on federal spending are usually considered authoritative. In May the office found that the Bush administration had violated the same law by producing television news segments that portrayed the new Medicare law as a boon to the elderly. The accountability office was not critical of the content of the video segments from the White House drug office, but found that the format - a made-for-television "story package" - violated the prohibition on using taxpayer money for propaganda. Representative Henry A. Waxman of California, the senior Democrat on the Government Reform Committee, who requested the review, said the use of the mock news segments broke "a fundamental principle of open government." A spokesman for the drug policy office said the review's conclusions made a "mountain out of a molehill." The spokesman, Tom Riley, noted that Congress had authorized the drug policy office to fashion antidrug messages in motion pictures and television programming and on the Internet. His office stopped distributing the antidrug videos after the G.A.O. report on the Medicare segments, Mr. Riley said, and never acted unlawfully. The drug policy office told investigators that it would have been difficult for "a rea... Free Essays on Drugs DRUGS AND THE EFFECT THEY HAVE ON OUR CHILDREN’S LIVES Criminal Justice Good health allows us to be strong, happy, smart and skillful as we can possibly be. The worst thing about illegal drugs is that they damage people from the inside. Our minds and bodies run like fine tuned machines when we take care of ourselves. Doctors prescribe medicines (which are legal drugs) to heal our bodies when we are sick, but dangerous drugs are not recommended by medical professionals. The largest problem with use of illegal drugs, as well as cigarettes and alcohol, is among our young adults. Products like wine, beer, liquor are very harmful for our children because their bodies and especially their nervous system are still developing. It is stated that cigarettes and alcohol kill more people than cancer and car accidents caused by drunk drivers than all other drugs. Illegal drugs can cause brain damage. These drugs are â€Å"psychoactive,† which means that they change our personality and the way we feel. While under the influence of these drugs we are more likely to endanger our life as well as somebody else’s. These illegal drugs are very addictive and they are very difficult to stop. An addict’s body craves the drug and becomes dependent upon it. The drug-user may even become sick if the drug is discontinued and this is why so many people, children and adults, become a slave to these drugs. More than 100,000 people die every year because of drinking. Children are twice as likely as adults to become involved in fatal drunk-driving car crashes. Half of all assaults against girls or women involve alcohol. Drinking is illegal if you are under the age of 21 and could be arrested for this crime. Nicotine is also very addictive. Once we start smoking it is very difficult to stop and smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer and other diseases. Statistics indicate that tobacco and nicotine related diseases kill more than 400,000 people every year... Free Essays on Drugs America’s inception as a country was founded in smuggling and illegal trade; with that in mind it is of no surprise that drug use and or abuse is a large part of our culture and a fixture in our collective minds. Children today in America go through mandatory drug education (DARE), federal employees are subjected to mandatory drug testing, and all professional athletes are subjected to those as well. Still, even with so many preventative measures being taken to curb Americans from drug use our prison system is choked with drug offenders, and by â€Å"drugs† I am referring to the standard grouping of â€Å"illegal substances† in this country: what are classified as illegal, naturally derived drugs: hallucinogens, narcotics, opiates, and marijuana. The fact of the matter is that the use of these afore-mentioned drugs has reached an all time high in this country. When an observer to this situation sees only what is occurring presently as the problem, then they are w holly misguided. Drug u! se has always been, and most likely always will be a popular pastime in the United States, and in fact drug use per capita is only higher, at least my opinion, because of stringent government inter-action and â€Å"education†, which I believe only introduces more Americans to drugs than would otherwise be aware of such substances. So where did drugs begin in American life? Getting high at least it seems can be traced all the way back to the first settlement of American land in Virginia†¦ When Jamestown was settled in 1607 the English colonists were looking for any sort of possible income. As it happened their location for settlement was located in one of the best possible places in the world for the production of naval products. Hemp was one of the first products grown in Jamestown, its primary use of course was for making stiff naval rope for the ships that would be constructed there, however it is noted that along with the growing of marijuana, the ... Free Essays on Drugs The state of Illinois, specifically the Chicago area, is the focal point for the flow of illicit drugs into the Great Lakes Region. Chicago is the major hub for the delivery and transshipment of drugs throughout the Great Lakes Region and the Midwest. Three major types of trafficking groups are responsible for most of the drugs in Illinois. Mexican polydrug organizations, Colombian drug organizations trafficking in cocaine and heroin, and Nigerian groups trafficking in Southeast Asian heroin are the major transporters and wholesale distributors of drugs in Chicago. The most common means traffickers use to transport drugs into Chicago are commercial trucks, passenger vehicles, package delivery services, air packages or couriers, and railways. Organized street gangs such as the Gangster Disciples, Vice Lords, and Latin Kings control the distribution and retail of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. Violent crime associated with street gangs, while declining in some urban areas, is increasi ng in suburban and rural areas of the state as these gangs expand their drug markets. Drug use affects the human organism in several ways. A division can be made between psychoactive effects such as changes in perception, cognition, affect, and levels of anxiety or inhibition. Physical effects like increased or diminished heart function, lung function and muscle tension. It is primarily the former effects, which make drugs desirable, and are a major reason for their use. Some of the physical effects enhanced or enduring bodily performance from stimulants, muscle relaxation or sleep from tranquilizers. These psychoactive and physical effects are influenced by the dose, administration mode, psychological or physical condition of the consumer, and the social environment in which drugs are taken. Many of the physical effects are termed because t... Free Essays on Drugs Drugs I accept as true the statement, â€Å"Drugs don’t kill people, people who use drugs kill themselves.† In reference to the implied objective reality of drugs, drugs are â€Å"motionless, timeless, undefined, non-perceived, and inanimate until we provide a motive for their use.† It is not until we create motives and provide drugs with meaning that we cause damage to the individual. I hold true that, â€Å"Bad things can happen with drugs, but good things also happen to people who use drugs.† Take for instance, the student who begins to abuse amphetamines to study for midterms. By using a drug, such as cocaine, the student is able to stay awake longer, therefore spending more time studying. Their grades greatly improve. This is a clear example of the â€Å"bad things happen clause.† I intend to draw upon Szasz and the Katiovich and Wieting article to support my views on the above two statements. In regard to the comparison of drugs and guns i ndexed as evil, I will discuss the possibilities of their potential usefulness as well. Drugs tend to become known as the true evil or â€Å"killerâ€Å". In all actuality the drug itself, left alone, does not kill the person. There must be a causal force behind the drug for damage to occur to the person. Addiction and dependency come into play. Once a person tries a drug, they may want to experience the euphoric pleasures associated with the drugs’ affects again and again. Therefore, the individual must repeat the action of ingestion. The individual has control whether to misuse the drug or not. Szasz argues that despite all the rhetoric to the contrary, no one is, or can be killed by an illegal drug. â€Å"If a person dies as a result of using a drug, it is because he chose to do something risky.† Do drugs cause crime, or is it our governments’ way of controlling our communities? Many people blame drugs for every problem in our society, but are drugs the real evil? No one p... Free Essays on Drugs The extermination of illegal drugs has always been one of the most important, worldwide issues. Ending the existence of drug abuse in our society is one of the toughest and most complicated goals we face. Despite constant battles against them, illegal substances continue to exist and thrive in our culture. With all the effort put into the war against drugs, why is there little success? Lack of effort is not the reason our attempts are failing. It is the lack of understanding that leads to the misdirection and failure of our attempts. Obviously a strong desire to use drugs exists, and it is the prevention of this desire that we need to focus on in order to wipe out drug abuse. In fact, our focus is strongly on punishing drug users, yet applying laws against committed drug crimes has not proven to be an effective solution. Drugs are still produced and distributed everywhere, and are taken by many. The reasons people use drugs still exist. Arresting people for drugs does not kill their desire to use them. Reprimanding committed crimes does not eliminate the reason they were committed. Addressing drug offenses after they have been made is not an effective deterrent because the desire for the drug's effect still remains. Why is this desire more influential than the law? Partly because the potential benefits of drugs overwhelm us, and turn our focus away from the potential dangers and consequences. People will go to extreme lengths to be the best, or better than what they presently are. Culture's attitudes toward beauty, money, power as a representation for success drives us to turn to drugs. Drugs symbolize power, status, freedom, and the ultimate â€Å"high† in our world. Drugs can help people achieve higher status, more power, as well as the overwhelming physical and emotional â€Å"escape.† Ultimately, the desire for the drug high is worth the risk which we conceive to be very small of being caught. In reality, the risk of getting c... Free Essays on Drugs It is known that people who are found to be using drugs, most likley of lower class, are put away for longer sentences than people who have committed a worse crime. When Oscar Danilo Blandon was arrested and admitted to crimes that sent others away he was let go easy. The Justice department turned him loose unsupervised most likley due to the fact that he was part of the Nicaraguan priveledged class. They even went as far as to pay him as much as $166,000 since his release. Situtations such as these prove that social status and money can go a long way. The people with high social class are the ones that hold the most power especially when it comes to government issues. Juan Norwin Meneses was listed in the DEA’s computers as a major international drug smuggler however, he was able to live openly and never spent a day in prison. How is this possible when others of lower class try to lead their lives and yet the second anyone of government official finds out that they are involved they get sent away immediately? Its almost as if saying â€Å"If you dont have money or have a high social status you will get put away because no one cares about you, as oppose to others who are well known and are lucrative in what they do. Is it truly fair for a sex offender to get put back on the street rather than someone who just takes drugs to get on with their day? Id rather have the drug dealer walking around. The government or rather the President should start worrying about these issues as well as others here in the United States. If not, then what will happen to our country as time goes on if we dont start to pick up the peices of where we are falling apart the most....

Iraq Freedom essays

Iraq Freedom essays The history of the United States has undergone many changes in the past 500 years. We have gone from being a nation governed by a hierarchy in a faraway land, to being a republic governed by the people living in it. We have experienced monarchy and we are now experiencing democracy. We have had our share of wars and political conflicts right here in our homeland. We have also been part of political conflicts elsewhere in the world. The question in everyones mind seems to be...why are we going to war elsewhere in the world? Do we not have enough problems trying to survive as a nation that we have to seek bigger thrills in faraway lands? Why did we go to war with Iraq? Was it because of 9/11? Not necessarily. It seems like U.S. government had been planning to engage Iraq and other Middle Eastern countries in battle for quite some time prior to the events of September 11, 2001. The following is a compilation of this teams research into the above questions. The information gathered by methods of research explored in class, together with polls taken both here in the United States and abroad, will provide an interesting point of view into the conflicts purpose, its effect in society as a whole, as well as a preview into the new Iraq post-conflict. Long before September 11, 2001, the hierarchy in the U.S. Department of Defense had been having heated discussions about the direction in which the Defense Department was headed as far as a strategy. The never-ending arms race around the world seemed to have intensified in recent years, with the U.S. seeking out those countries in possession of WMD (Weapons of Mass Destruction). Several terrorist attacks ensued against the United States prior to September 11, 2001, thus confirming the direction and planning principles that were subsequently developed by the Department of Defense. Many believe that the main reason for going to war with Iraq wa...

Financial Management And Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Financial Management And Analysis - Assignment Example The company intends to offer competitive prices besides other programs such as buyback/trade program that makes it easier for the members to access and read Finance books online. My Finance Resource Limited intends to provide a friendly and relaxing environment that facilitates reading and browsing. Apart from selling Finance books and other resources, the management intends to use the website for other activities such as the auction of finance materials, post classified ads, advice users on latest products and the best books for their courses, provide teacher evaluation among others. The website will enable the users to share information and criticize some of the books and published materials. These will then be evaluated and shared with the authors. Apart from text books, students will be able to access course guidelines and class notes, tutoring services among others. It will also offer services such as specialized contents, weblogs and retails. The website intends to set itself as leading centre that offers interaction among students and superb latest finance resources to facilitate the running of the business. It will establish itself as the best centre for university finance materials by combining internet technologies and applications and market expertise to increase revenue generation. The company will achieve market dominance through utilization of extensive domain experience, high quality software, highly skilled management team, formation of strategies alliances and partnership with other key companies in the industry. The company will also involve key finance experts across the globe on a 24-hour basis to ensure that all the advisory services are offered 24/7. My Finance Resource Limited is a limited liability corporation registered in the United Kingdom. The firm is owned by an entrepreneur who was a former Finance student. Having experienced the need for updated Finance materials at the

Marketing management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing management - Case Study Example This product will offer an opportunity for people to be able to share the ice cream with dogs. Strategy The main strategy is to ensure that the ice cream is available in the market at ease. This will create customer loyalty towards the product. In addition, diversification of the product will reduce risks that might affect one product. It will also help to attract different customers who have different tastes of products. Another strategy is ensuring that the product satisfy the expectations of the customers. This will enable the product to remain competitive in the market. Tactics In order to get adequate profits from the market, the marketer will be expected to use different sales persons in order to reach customers from various regions. In addition, the cream will merge with ++++ ice cream parlour in the Bullring. This tactic will reduce the cost of distributing the cream. Once the product penetrates the market, it will become easier for the producer to distribute the product on i ts own. This tactic will also be able to reduce the price of the commodity in the market. This is because merging will help in lowering the breakeven price of the commodity therefore, creating a larger profit margin. Lower price of the product will therefore; attract customers who will be willing to test the product. Intense advertisement will also be a tactic that will play a major role in ensuring that the product penetrates the market. ... According to the data collected, the best way to segment the market the market is through the use of age and gender. In Birmingham city, women purchase dog food more than their men counterparts. As a result, they are to be the main target customers. Women are also associated with high consumption of chocolates. This behaviour will make these chocolates have an upper hand in the market as they can serve two purposes. Market can also be segmented through age. Old people mainly look for companionship from dogs. As a result, targeting these people to be potential buyers will be an important aspect that would increase the overall profits. This will be achieved through producing creams that are fit for old people i.e. not so sugary. In addition, advertisement of these creams should be targeting the old people. Location of the people is another tool to be used in segmenting the market. This involves pricing of the product according to geographical location and the level of competition in th at region. Customers who are near the source of the product will have an opportunity to purchase the product at a lower cost as the cost of distributing the product is low. In addition, market that is saturated with competitors will require price segmentation in order to attract customers to purchase the product. Use of price as a tool of segmentation should be well calculated. This is because many customers especially in Birmingham believe that cheap products are of low quality. Another method that will be used to segment the market is through product differentiation. This involves branding the products to make them unique. This will be important as the customers will be able to identify the product

Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reporting - Essay Example k Theory (ANT) purification process with its findings based on themes such as, human and non-human actors, events and technological and regulatory initiatives (Law 1-21). The main agenda of implementing this process is to understand mobilization activities, chain of relations, conflicts and resistance, which determined integrating reporting journey of Australia. The research was undertaken with the objective to determine impact of events and manifestations on sustainability reporting and emergence of integrated reporting. The author has collected necessary data through documentation review, semi-structured reflective interviews and participant observation method (Patricia). Another qualitative approach has been included by the author that is the netnographical approach. In this research, qualitative data analysis was undertaken using Nvivo 9 research software by uploading all interview transcription in the software. The report findings present four key factors that influenced evolution of integrated reporting, namely, critical events, actors, technologies and regulatory initiatives (Richards 16). The introductory section briefly discusses factors that influenced emergence of integrated reporting in Australia. It discusses advances in reporting field because of purification processes, before introduction of International Integrated Reporting Committee (IIRC). The factor that motivated the author to commit to this research was to understand the shift from sustainability reporting to integrated reporting. The author demonstrated that sustainability reporting method has been in practice for quite some time and an important fact about it is that is a catalyst of Actor Network theory that has influenced evolution of integrated reporting. The social environment accounting study by Mathews (1997), along with contribution of other sustainability researchers such as, Buhr (2007), Gray (2001) and Milne and Gray (2007), show developments made in sustainability accounting

Crisis and Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Crisis and Expansion - Essay Example As a function of measuring this level of crisis and expansion that existed within this specific point in time, the following analysis will engage the reader with some key indications of this crisis and the means through which the expansion and challenges that face the United States allowed for these issues to be met. Is the further hope of this author that the reader will be able to gain a more informed and realistic understanding of the method through which these challenges and issues pertaining to expansion or not only able to define the era but also defined subsequent years and aid in the evolutionary progression of the society of the United States. Firstly, the element of expansion should not be ignored. Sadly, the rapid level of expansion that the United States experienced during the 19th century cannot be stated as an overall positive. The underlying reason for this has to do with the fact that literally tens of thousands of Native Americans were forcibly removed from the lands that they had traditionally lived upon, or had been promised by the United States government, and relocated to less desirable, oftentimes unlivable land beyond the realm of colonization. Concurrently, the states of Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada, Nebraska, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah were all added to the United States during the 19th century. As can clearly be seen, the addition of 29 states was able to drastically increase upon the natural resources, land, and population that the United States had to draw upon. The broad and massive territorial expansion and took place during the 19th century was one of the causal determinants for the creation of what is known as the â€Å"frontier culture†. This frontier culture have long reaching ramifications and many

Supplements, nutrients, and stored energy to the proper function of Essay

Supplements, nutrients, and stored energy to the proper function of the human body - Essay Example Nutritional supplements are products from foods used for the support of good health and treatment of illnesses. According to the dietary supplement health and education act (DSHEA), supplements are not foods put contain the elements in the food that increase their supply to the body. â€Å"The supplements contain one or more ingredients of the diet including minerals, vitamins and amino acid† (Liddle and Connor, P. 487). The use of supplements and energy stores is high due to an increase in demand of energy that cannot be provided through food intake during any particular incidence of a meal. The demand for this energy is to promote weight gain, enhance weight loss or improve the performance of athletes. Vitamins and minerals as supplements contain micronutrients that are responsible for enhancing the normal hormonal and chemical functions of the body. These supplements are important for enhancing the reproductive functionality of hormones, as well as other endocrine functions of the body. Botanical (herbal) supplements are ingested for their medical functions in the body. â€Å"The botanical supplements are taken to support specific areas of functionality of the body† (Calbet et al., P. 1005). These areas could be for the improvement of the liver, skin, bone or kidney function, thus are important for the improvement of the efficiency in the functionality of the targeted part. â€Å"Supplements and energy stores are composed of combinations of two or more of the eight key nutrients that are important for the proper functionality of the body† (Frary, Johnson, and Wang, P. 56). Calcium is one of the eight key nutrients that is important for bone formation, muscle contraction and helps in the transmission of nerve cell messages. Calcium is chiefly derived from the dairy foods but can also be acquired from vegetables like

Crisis and Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Crisis and Expansion - Essay Example As a function of measuring this level of crisis and expansion that existed within this specific point in time, the following analysis will engage the reader with some key indications of this crisis and the means through which the expansion and challenges that face the United States allowed for these issues to be met. Is the further hope of this author that the reader will be able to gain a more informed and realistic understanding of the method through which these challenges and issues pertaining to expansion or not only able to define the era but also defined subsequent years and aid in the evolutionary progression of the society of the United States. Firstly, the element of expansion should not be ignored. Sadly, the rapid level of expansion that the United States experienced during the 19th century cannot be stated as an overall positive. The underlying reason for this has to do with the fact that literally tens of thousands of Native Americans were forcibly removed from the lands that they had traditionally lived upon, or had been promised by the United States government, and relocated to less desirable, oftentimes unlivable land beyond the realm of colonization. Concurrently, the states of Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada, Nebraska, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah were all added to the United States during the 19th century. As can clearly be seen, the addition of 29 states was able to drastically increase upon the natural resources, land, and population that the United States had to draw upon. The broad and massive territorial expansion and took place during the 19th century was one of the causal determinants for the creation of what is known as the â€Å"frontier culture†. This frontier culture have long reaching ramifications and many

Management Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Research Proposal Example have changed complete process of business activities, where employers used to focus primarily on the products and customers, whereas, HRM has inclined employers to focus on the employees. Thus, employers are putting enormous efforts and investing huge amounts to ensure satisfaction of employees in their organizations. For such purpose, it has now become very imperative to evaluate different HRM strategies regarding their role and impact on the employee satisfaction that will be the major focus of the proposed research. It is imperative for a researcher to identify aims and objectives during the planning process of any research, as focused objectives play an influential role in providing productive and positive outcomes rather than inefficient results that usually occur due to lack of aims that is another indication of misuse of resources. In this regard, the proposed study will allow the researcher to understand different HRM strategies and their impact on different aspects of employees in a comprehensive and critical manner. More importantly, the researcher anticipates acquiring a theoretical, and at the same time, a practical understanding of the HRM impact during the evaluation of one of the organizations. Besides the impact, the researcher will put enormous efforts to recognize drawbacks and defects in the HRM strategies that may affect an employee and his/her satisfaction level in an adverse manner. In this regard, the researcher will try to identify and analyze HRM strategies from employers’, as well as employees’ perspective. Lastly, the proposed study will endeavor to propose solutions and identify prospects of the HRM strategies in the business organizations that will be very beneficial for future studies, as well as future employers. In order to carry out an efficient research, it is very important for a research to arrange a preliminary review of available literature, and thus, the research proposal will now discuss some of the significant

Psychology Cae Studies Essay Example for Free

Psychology Cae Studies Essay 1) Newspaper Advertisement: -self selecting persons who had an interest in seeing the study become successful. If you volunteer to become a part of a study clearly you have an interest and feel a sense of responsibility towards the experiment.  2) Subjects were predominately white and middle class. This implies that the subjects are from similar backgrounds, and so share similar experiences. In such cases we call them a homogeneous group. A homogeneous group because of their similar experiences are not likely to be representative of the wider population. Consequently results are likely to reflective of them, not the general population. In this instance we may only have learn how a prison population with predominately white males from a middle class background is likely to behave. Remember the purpose of much of research is to generalise to the wider population. 3) Thumbs up for the use of questionnaires and an interview, which were used to screen the subjects.  Thumbs down what constituted healthy? How did they come to this judgement? Normal! What is normal?  4) The experiment was conducted at the prestigious Stanford University. The  Prestige of the University will have impacted upon the subjects. Oh my god we are here at Stanford. If Stanford is doing this then it must be good and worthwhile. They wouldnt have me doing something thats not good for me. No matter what I feel I must behave as a dutiful subject. Its not hard to imagine the subjects thinking in this manner. 5) The direct involvement of the chief researcher as a participant in the  Experiment could also impact upon the subjects. Hey hes involved, if he isnt having a problem neither should I. I need to follow his lead. This is a really valuable piece of research.  Key Terms  De-Individuation: -This is a loss of your individual identity. The guards lost their identity to the group collective. We are guards. The (uniform), inclusive of baton, reflecting sunglasses and apparel (what they had on) contributed to this. We are the authority! What we say goes! The prisoners lost their identity when they were given prison garb and prison numbers. To be referred to only by a number robs you of your name. How vital is a name to an individual? Mr, Miss, Mrs, name only. It comes to define you the individual. Without it who are you? De-humanisation: This means that you have lost your humanity and are not treated with the basic dignity to which human beings are entitled. The prisons were de-humanised. Remember they were stripped and made to stand naked in the court -yard. This is not a dignified way to treat persons. Further evidence of their dehumanisation is the prison guards referring to their rights as privileges. This implied that they were not entitled to rights. Loss of control over what we as humans have come to expect, when we eat, when we sleep, and when use the bathroom. They lost the power to do all these things. Learned helplessness: They became dependent upon the guards for everything. They lost the desire and the know how to do things for themselves. This was not the situation before since they acquired it in prison, then it is learned helplessness.  Remember power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.  Role Confusion: This occurs when the individual cannot separate roles that he has been given-which am I truly? This is linked to role consumption, This occurs when one particular role comes to define an individual take for example an athlete or politician who refuses to retire long after they have passed their prime. Both the guards and the prisoners suffered from this problem. The guards like the prisoners suffered de-individuation. They too lost their identities to the roles they were asked to perform. The awesome power they were given, the uniform-inclusive of whistle, baton and reflecting sunglasses all contributed to them losing their identity. They began to see themselves as guards only and begun acting accordingly. Most naturally this meant that the guards internalised the prison. By Internalisation we mean that they accepted the prison as being real, and conformed to its expectations, routines and guidelines. Did the guards truly internalise the prison? Lets look at the evidence of this-The guards attempted to hide the prisons in the broom cupboard because they felt the experimenters were being too soft- [This is evidence of internalisation because it shows that the guards had removed themselves from the confines/boundaries of the experiment and had now started to think as the collective group-prison guards-[This moment should have marked the end of the experiment as its integrity had been compromised-it was an ethical violation to continue-Zimbardo being a part of the experiment(Prison Warder-head guard) became totally subjective and could not see that anything was wrong-this again was unethical but only because his objectivity was compromised].  Further evidence of this is calling the prisoners rights privileges, and delaying the prisoner roll call to hours. For the prisoners the arresting process, which began when they were arrested and ended when they were finger printed and photographed, contributed to the prisoners internalising the prison. This occurred because of the shock value it signified a break from the prison (subjects) everyday reality they were arrested-they were now prisoners. The initiation process, which is everything, which happened to the prison subjects up until they were assigned to their cells, also contributed to their internalising the prison. This included being given prison uniforms, being stripped and deloused, being made to stand naked in the prison yard, being assigned numbers, learning the prison rules -which they had to recite and being assigned cells. Evidence of the internalisation of the prison by the prisoners is them referring to themselves by number, asking for a lawyer, bail and parole board, and returning to their cells when they could have just left.

History of Leukemia Treatment

History of Leukemia Treatment Four months later, a young German professor at the University of Wurzburg named Rudolf Virchow published a similar case. The patients blood was overgrown with white blood cells, forming dense and pulpy pools in her spleen. At autopsy, Virchow found layers of white blood floating above the red. He called the disease weisses Blut white blood. In 1847, he changed the name to leukemia from leukos, the Greek word for white. Virchow was a pathologist in training. He believed that all living things were made of cells, which were the basic units of life. And that cells could grow in only two ways: either by increasing the number of cells, or by increasing its size. He called these two modes hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Looking at cancerous growths through his microscope, Virchow concluded that cancer was hyperplasia in its extreme form. By the time Virchow died in 1902, a new theory of cancer had slowly come together out of these observations. Cancer an aberrant, uncontrolled cell division creating tumors that would attack and destroy organs and normal tissues. These tumors could also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body such as lungs and brains. Leukemia is a malignant overgrown of white cells in the blood. It comes in several forms. It could be chronic and indolent. Or it could be acute and violent. The second version comes in further subtypes, based on the type of white blood cells involved. Cancers of the myeloid cells are called Acute myeloid leukemias (AML); cancer of immature lymphoid cells are called Acute lymphoblastic leukemias; and cancers of the more mature lymphoid cells are called lymphomas. ALL is the most common leukemia found in children. Sidney Faber, the third of fourteen children, was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1903. His father, Simon Farber, had immigrated to America from Poland in the late 19th century and worked in an insurance agency. Having completed his advanced training in pathology in the late 1920s, Farber became the first full-time pathologist at the Childrens Hospital in Boston. His specialty was pediatric pathology, the study of childrens diseases. Yet Farber was driven by the hunger to treat patients. Sitting in his basement laboratory one day in the summer of 1947, he was inspired to focus his attention to the oldest and most hopeless variants of leukemia childhood leukemia. The disease had been analyzed, classified, and subdivided meticulously, but with no therapeutic or practical advances. The package from New York was waiting in the laboratory that December morning. As he pulled out the glass vials of chemicals from the package, he was throwing open a new way of thinking about cancer. An insatiable monster Sydney Farbers package of chemicals arrived at a pivotal moment in the history of medicine. In the late 1940s, new miracle drugs appeared at an astonishing rate. But cancer had refused to fall into step in the victories of postwar medicine. It remained a black box. To cure a cancer, doctors had only two options: cutting it out with surgery, or incinerating it with radiation. Proposals to launch a national response against cancer had ebbed and flowed in America since the early 1900s. By 1937, cancer had magnified in the public eye. In June, a joint Senate-House conference was held to draft legislation to address the issue. On August 5, President Roosevelt signed the National Cancer Institute Act, creating a new entity called the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to coordinate cancer education and research. But World War II had shifted the nations priority from cancer research to the war. The promised funds from Congress never materialized, and the NCI languished in neglect. The social outcry about cancer also drifted into silence. If a cure for leukemia was to be found, Farber reasoned, it would be found within hematology the study of normal blood. In 1928, a young English physician named Lucy Wills discovered that folic acid, a vitamin-like substance found in fruits and vegetables, could restore the normal genesis of blood in nutrient-deprived patients. Farber wondered whether folic acid could restore the normalcy of blood in children with leukemia. As he injected synthetic folic acid into a cohort of leukemia children, Farber found that folic acid actually accelerated the growth of leukemia rather than stopping it. He stopped the experiment in a hurry. Farber was intrigued by the response of the leukemia cells to folic acid. intrigued. What if he could find a drug to cut off the supply of folic acid to the cells an antifolate? Farbers supply of folic acid had come from the laboratory of an old friend a chemist called Yellapragada Subbarao or Yella. Yella was a physician turned cellular physiologist. Having finished his medical training in India, Yella could not practice medicine in America because he had no license. He started as a night porter at a hospital, switched to a day job as a biochemist, and joined Lederle Lab in 1940. Enzymes and receptors in cells work by recognizing molecules using their chemical structure. With a slight alteration of the recipe, Yello could create variants of folic acid, and some of the variants could behave like antagonists to folic acid. He sent the first package of antifolates to Farbers lab in the late summer of 1947. On August 16, 1947, in the town of Dorchester in New England, Robert Sandler, a two-year-old boy was brought to Childrens Hospital in Boston. He had been ill with a wax and wane fever for over two weeks, and the condition had worsened. His spleen wasÂÂ   enlarged, and his blood sample had thousands of immature lymphoid leukemic blasts. His twin brother, Elliot, was in perfect health. Farber had received the first package of antifolates from Yella a few weeks before Sandlers arrival. On September 6, 1947, Farber injected Sandler with pteroylaspartic acid or PAA, the first of Yellas antifolates. PAA had little effect. On December 28, Farber received a new version of antifolate aminopterin. Farber injected the boy with it. The response was remarkable. The white cell count stopped its astronomical ascend, hovered at a plateau, and then dropped. And the leukemic blasts gradually flickered out in the blood and then disappeared. By New Years Eve, the count had dropped to one-sixth of its peak value, bottoming out at a near normal level. The cancer hadnt vanished, but it had temporarily abated. Sandlers remission was unprecedented in the history of leukemia. Farber started treating the slow train of children with childhood leukemia arriving at his clinic. An incredible pattern emerged: antifolates could destroy leukemia cells and make them disappear for a while. But the cancer would relapse after a few months of remission, refusing to respond to even the most potent of Yellas drugs. Robert Sandler died in 1948. In June 1948, Farber published his study in the New England Journal of Medicine. The paper was received with skepticism, disbelief and outrage. The obliteration of an aggressive cancer using a chemical drug was unprecedented in the history of cancer. Dyeing and Dying A systemic disease demands a systemic cure. Could a drug kill existing cancer cells without hurting normal cell tissues? The chemical world is full of poisons. The challenge is to find a selective poison that will eradicate cancer cells without killing the patient. In 1856, an 18-year-old student in London named William Perkin stumbled into an inexpensive chemical dye that could be made from scratch. Perkin called it aniline mauve. His discovery was a godsend for the textile industry because aniline mauve is easier to produce and store than vegetable dyes. Perkin also discovered that its parent compound could act as a building block for other dyes to produce derivatives with a vast spectrum of vivid colors. In the mid-1860s, Perkin flooded the textile factories of Europe with a suite of new synthetic dyes in various color. The German chemist rushed to synthesize their own dyes to muscle their way into the textile industry in Europe. They synthesized not only dyes and solvents, but an entire universe of new molecules such as phenols, bromides, alcohols, and amides, chemicals never encountered in nature. In 1878, a 24-year-old medical student named Paul Ehrlich did an experiment usingÂÂ   chemical dyes to stain animal tissues. He discovered the dyes seemed to be able to differentiate among chemicals hidden inside the cells, staining some and sparing others. In 1882, working with Robert Koch, Ehrlich discovered another new chemical stain that could pick up one class of germs from a mixture of microbes. In the late 1880s, Ehrlich found that certain toxins when injected in animals could produce antitoxins,ÂÂ   which could be used to neutralize the toxin with extraordinary specificity. If biology was a mix-and-match game of chemicals, Ehrlich thought, what if some chemical could differentiate bacterial cells from animal cells so that it could kill the bacteria cells without hurting the animal? So he began with a hunt for anti-microbial chemicals. After testing hundreds of chemicals, he found a dye derivative that can act as an antibiotic drug for mice and rabbits infected with Trypanosoma gondii (a parasite). He called the chemical Trypan Red, after the color of the dye. And in 1910, his laboratory discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan), the first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis. His success on Trypan Red and Salvarsan proved that chemicals could be found to cure diseases with specificity. He called these chemicals magic bullets for their capacity to kill with specificity. Between 1904 and 1908, he attempted to find an anticancer drug using his vast arsenal of chemicals. None of them worked. What was poison to cancer cells, he found, was also poison to normal cells because cancer cells and normal cells were so similar that made it almost impossible to differentiate. Ehrlich died in 1915 at age 61. In 1917, two years after his death, Germany used a chemical weapon at the battle of Ypres in Belgium, in the form of chlorine gas. The gas killed two thousand soldiers that night. In 1919, pathologist found the survivors bone marrows were all depleted, with the blood-forming cells all dried up.

Alienation and Isolation in William Falukners A Rose For Emily :: essays research papers

Alienation and Isolation in William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† displays themes of alienation and isolation. Emily Grierson’s own father is found to be the root of many of her problems. Faulkner writes Emily’s character as one who is isolated from the people of her town. Her isolation from society and alienation from love is what ultimately drives her to madness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily’s isolation is evident because after the men that cared about her deserted her, either by death or simply leaving her, she hid from society and didn’t allow anyone to get close to her. Miss Emily is afraid to confront reality. She seems to live in a sort of fantasy world where death has no meaning. Emily refuses to accept or recognize the death of her father, and the fact that the world around her is changing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily attempts to recapture her past by escaping from the present. She wants to leave the present and go back to a happier past. Miss Emily wants to find the love she once knew. â€Å"After her father’s death she went out very little; after her sweetheart went away, people hardly saw her at all† (243). Emily alienates herself from everyone when the two people she has loved most in her life go away. She becomes afraid to grow close to anyone in fear of losing them again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Miss Emily’s isolation is able to benefit her as well. She has the entire town believing she is a frail and weak woman, but she is very strong indeed. Everyone is convinced that she could not even hurt a fly, but instead she is capable a horrible crime, murder. Miss Emily’s actions range from eccentric to absurd. After the death of her father, and the estrangement from the Yankee, Homer Barron, she becomes reclusive and introverted. The reader can find that Miss Emily did what was necessary to keep her secret from the town. â€Å"Already we knew that there was one room in that region above stairs which no one had seen in forty years† (247).

Response to The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Response to "The Yellow Wallpaper" The woman behind this work of literature portrays the role of women in the society during that period of time. "The Yellow Wallpaper" written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a well written story describing a woman who suffers from insanity and how she struggles to express her own thoughts and feelings. The author uses her own experience to criticize male domination of women during the nineteenth century. Although the story was written fifty years ago, "The Yellow Wallpaper" still brings a clear message how powerless women were during that time. Women were regard as a second class of people. They had neither legal right nor respect from their male counterparts. When the narrator's husband, John, a physician, placed the narrator in the horrid room with yellow wallpaper, and bed-rested, he claimed that he knew what is best for his wife. The narrator had no choice but to obey her husband since her brother, who was a male physician, was convinced by her husband's theory. "So I take phosphates of phosphites-whichever it is-and tonics, and air and exercise, and journeys, and am absolutely forbidden to "work" until I am well again" (pg277). Male domination is clearly seen here as the males claimed that their decision was always the right choice. "I thought it was a good time to talk, so I told him that I really was not gaining here, and that I wished he would take me away"(pg283). The narrator tried to convince her husband to change his treatment because she thought that her husband's prescription was not working for her, instead her husband asked her to go to sleep. Her husband's ignorance clearly shows that even the narrator herself had no power over her own health. She just simply said, "But ... ...perhaps to show John and Jennie that she was no longer weak like she used to be and was now free. In conclusion, the yellow wallpaper is a brilliant work literature of which depicts a woman as a permissive and controlled by her dominant husband. While women now enjoyed freedom and peace in a liberal nation like America, we must not forget in the impoverish states like Afghanistan or Pakistan, women are still being enclosed behind the bars of the "Yellow Wallpaper." They, just like in the past, have no right in their society and have no idea that women can actually enjoy the kind of freedom like their male counterparts. "The Yellow Wallpaper" does not only serve as a witness of what has happened in the past, it has also served the purpose of a reminder of what we must be doing in the future to bring freedom and rights to women all over the world. (779 words)

Management Information System to Organisations Essay

â€Å"Management information system is essential for creating competitive firms, managing global corporations, and providing useful products and services to customers.† (Laudon, 2002,P1) It provides information figure of reports and displays to managers. For example, sales managers may use their computer workstations to get sales results of their products and to access weekly sales analysis reports, and then evaluate sales made by each salesperson. â€Å"Management information systems arose in the 1970s to focus on computer-based information systems aimed at managers.† (Laudon, 2002, P15). Because of the growths of the Internet, globalisations of trade, and the rise of information economies, have to improve the role of information systems in business and management. And then it needs pays attention to organisation management information that issues raised by sociology, economics, environment and psychology. â€Å"An organization is a stable, formal social structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs.† (Laudon, 2002,P87) This essay will be evaluating the contribution of Management Information System to Organisations. Like as What relationship between information and manager’s job; computer network’s importance for management information development; different types of management information systems to use differences and how it is impact and limitation of information systems. Firstly, before organisation Management Information need to understand it that have four factors determine the usefulness of information a manager: quality, timeliness, completeness, and relevance (Gareth, 2000,P613) â€Å"Accuracy and reliability determine the quality of information.† (Gareth, 2000,P613) tell us higher quality of information need have greater accuracy and reliability. The greater accuracy and reliability’s information will bring correct decision for manager. For example, accounting informstions, † information as accuracy refers to the extent to which information effectively represents a situation as it really is, the accuracy of each source of data used varied widely.†((Volking, 1993, P8) The source where accuracy posed the greatest problem was the marketing database.So I think usefulness informations need have accuracy and  reliability, accuracy and reliability determine the quality of information. â€Å"Information that is timely is available when it is needed for managerial action, not after the decision has been made† (Gareth, 2000,P614) In today’s speedily changing world and technology ‘s developing, lead to information changing frequently. Real-time Information is reflecting current conditions. (Gareth, 2000,P614) For example, productions’ price changing frequently in marketing because manager wants to make profit in competition’s marketing. So manager should be pay attention to information’s changing. Catch Real-time information is very importance. Look at timeliness in accounting â€Å"Timeliness: accounting information should be made available to external decision-makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions.† (Dyckman, 1992, P44) Like the news of the world, old financial information never carries the same impact fresh information carries. Otherwise lack of timeliness reduces relevance. â€Å"Information that is complete gives managers all the information they need to exercise control, achieve coordination, or make an effective decision.† (Gareth, 2000,P615) information’s completive will provided good help to manager to decision. When you set up a new business, look at complete information is importance. Such as, how is this productions sold, how long can make profit and how much capital need put in this company at first time. Also information in accounting system also need pay attenation to information’s completetive. â€Å"Information that is relevant is useful and suits a manager’s particular needs and circumstances† (Gareth, 2000,P615) It can make a difference in a user’s decision. Relevance refers to the capacity of accounting information to make different to external decision-makers who use financial reports. They use accounting information with either or both of two viewpoints in mind: Forecasting what the economic future is likely to hold. Confirming the accuracy of past forecasts. Stated more technically, relevant accounting information help users to make predictions about future events, to confirm or correct prior expectations, and to evaluate current conditions. (Dyckman, 1992, P43) In my opinion, relevant is most importance, because if the data are not relevant to the task at hand, manager will be make mistake by these wrong information, and west time in wrong decisions. And then will bring some problem for this company’ s operation. Information decision, control and coordination Secondly, information technology’s development is importance for management information development. Because the growths of the Internet, globalisations of trade, and the rise of information economies, it have to improve the role of information systems in business and management. Software is the detailed instructions that control the operation of a computer system. Without software, computer hardware could not perform the tasks we associate with computers. The functions of software are to (1) manage the computer resources of the organisation (2) provide tools for human beings to take advantage of these resources, and (3) act as an intermediary between organisations and stored information. Selecting suitable software for the organisation is a key management decision. (Laudon, 2002,P172) Thirdly, different types of management information systems to use differences: a transaction-processing system is a system designed to handle large volumes of routine, recurring transactions. (Gareth, 2000,P625) For example, managers use transaction- processing system to record sale of items and path inventory levels, employee record keeping, and payroll. â€Å"A management information system that gathers, organize, and summarizes comprehensive data in a from that managers can use in their nonroutine coordinating, controlling, and decision-making task.(Gareth, 2000,P626) Operational Systems are concerned with transaction handling and the  day-to-day operation of the organisation, usually for a particular department within the organisation. Data are entered and stored in a file format, and are updated regularly during routine processing. Example, Producing invoices and monthly reports for operational-level managers, and fortnightly payroll cheques. The major disadvantage of this system is that they are inflexible and so not able to be adapted easily to do new tasks, or expected tasks earlier than usual. They also do not support any decision-making advice ability for tactical and strategic-level managers. Most companies today have gone beyond this system. (Long, 1994,P365-397) Decision support systems give direct computer support to managers during the decision-making process. For example advertising managers may use an electronic database packs up to do what, if analysis as they test the impact of other advertising budgets on the forecasted sales of new products. (O’Brien, 1997,P31) A Decision Support System is an interactive information system that rely on integrated user-friendly hardware and software designed to assist mangers make decisions related to the efficient and profitable running of the business. Expert systems can provide expert advice for operational chores like equipment diagnostics, or managerial decisions such as loan portfolio management. (O’Brien, 1997,P32) Expert systems have been developed for subjects such as medical diagnosis, oil exploration, financial planning, taxation return preparation, chemical analysis, surgery, weather prediction, computer repair, nuclear power plant operation, newspaper layout, interpreting government regulation, and troubleshooting computer systems configurations (eg. MS Help). (Long, 1994,P365-397) Finally, management information systems also have some limitations and some technology impact its development. The advance in management information system and technology are having important effects on managers and organisations. (Gareth, 2000,P629) One of the most important of these  involves the subjectivity of the scoring technique. Clearly establishing the extent to which a data attribute is inherent in any one data source is highly judgemental. Likewise, establishing weightings for each attribute is also a highly subjective process. These tasks are therefore very much subject to the perception of the individuals who carry them out. This problem could be partly overcome by increasing the objectivity with which such estimates are made. Conclusion, Management information system is an information system that managers’ plan and design to provide themselves with the specific information they need. (Gareth, 2000,P615)This essay has Evaluated the contribution of Management Information System to Organisations. Including about Like as What factors determine the usefulness of information a manager; computer network’s importance for management information development; different types of management information systems to use differences and how it is impact and limitation of information systems. From this essay, we can know MIS have some advantages for our used, however this tool is not perfect, also have limitations for it. So Managing a good company , need understand it first. Reference: Gareth R.Jones, Charles W.L. Hill & Jennifer M.George, 2000, Contemporary management, The McGraw-Hill Companies, America. Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon, 2002, Management Information Systems, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458,America. Galliers.R., 1992, Information System Research: issues,methods,and practical guidelines, Blackwell Scientific Publications,UK. Dyckman, T., & Dukes, R., 1992, Intermediate Accounting, IRWIN, America. O’Brien, J., 1997, Introduction to information, IRWIN, America. Stair.,R, & Reynolds, G., 2001, Principles of Information Systems, Course Technology, Australia. Mitchell, Volking, Yan E. Management Decision. Analysing the quality of management information: A suggested framework, London,1993. Vol. 31, Iss. 8; pg. 12, 8 pgs. Larry Long, Computers and Information Systems, 4th Ed., 1994, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0-13-497884-6, chapter. 12, pages 365 – 397 Krumwiede, Kip. Cost Management Update. Survey reveals factors affecting, Montvale: Apr 1996. p. 1 (2 pages) URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2003&res_id=xri:pqd&rft_val_fmt=ori:fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&rft_id=xri:pqd:did=000000009475160&svc_dat=xri:pqil:fmt=text&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=20901 Grover Dunn, Debra K Walker, Steve Hannaford. Air Force Journal of Logistics. Information technology, Gunter AFS: Spring 2003. Vol. 27, Iss. 1; p. 14. URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2003&res_id=xri:pqd&rft_val_fmt=ori:fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&rft_id=xri:pqd:did=000000382958551&svc_dat=xri:pqil:fmt=text&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=20901 Steven A Morris, Thomas E Marshall, R Kelly Rainer Jr. Information Resources Management Journal. 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