The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1058 Words

Huckleberry Finn is an american literature written by Mark Twain which has been debated on whether or not it should be banned. Huck Finn displays multiple displays of racism, slavery, and graphic situation which cause friction among critics. Which bring us to many situations of critics to come to our conclusion. For instance one critic wrote,  ¨Jim is at the mercy of white characters in the novel, most of which are morally inferior to him. Jim must follow Huck s schemes and adventures, such as exploring the wrecked ship that causes them to lose their raft and supplies and Tom and Huck s ridiculous escape attempt in the novel s closing chapters. Jim must also take orders from the duke and the dolphin, two of the more reprobate†¦show more content†¦This shows a well known fact said by Huck Finn,  ¨Alright, then, I’ll go to hell. ¨ One critic shows us the dilemmas of the characters that they endure. For instance, ¨ We are not in this notice telling the story or quoting from a book that nearly everybody is sure to read, but it is proper to say that Mr. Clemens strikes in a very amusing way certain psychological problems. What, for instance, in the case of Huck, the son of the town drunkard, perverted from the time of his birth, is conscience, and how does it work? Most amusing is the struggle Huck has with his conscience in regard to slavery. His conscience tells him, the way it has been instructed, that to help the runaway, nigger Jim to escape--to aid in stealing the property of Miss Watson, who has never injured him, is an enormous offense that will no doubt carry him to the bad place; but his affection for Jim finally induces him to violate his conscience and risk eternal punishment in helping Jim to escape. ¨ We witness the struggles Huck went through between right and society. Back then in the 1830 ´s it was considered okay for the these actions to take place. One review from Rocky Mountain News states,  ¨The best book he has ever written. It overflows with wit and humor, and abounds in startling incidents and hair-breadth escapes. BestShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novelRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to s ay just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly with his readers. During the story

Gender Stratification - 1114 Words

Gender Stratification In this paper, I am going to address gender stratification in relation to Marriage, Sexuality, and Reproductive health issues. I am going to use Monique and the Mango Rains written by Kri Holloway as ethnographic data, which she collected in Mali. My interpretations of gender stratification in Mali are women did not have the rights to choose their husband; women did not have ways to control the sex life and do not have ways to do birth control; women had to face extremely hard reproductive health issues. To start with, I would like to give some background analysis about gender norms and stratification in Mali. Mali is landlocked in the West Africa and it is one of the poorest countries in the world. According†¦show more content†¦The country’s Gender Inequality Index is 0.712, which is really poor. Therefore, Mali had an extremely gender stratification and inequality towards women. Next, I would like to address gender stratification in relation to marriage. Marriage is a term to describe a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. They address each other as spouse. In Mali, a discriminatory family code stopped women to have the rights to choose their own partner. They could not be married with a guy they fall in love. Their marriage was arranged. For example, Monique was arranged to marry her husband when she was a little kid. Kri kept asking herself how her life would be if she had known that who she would be married with when she was five years old. The culture was so different and Kri was never take marriage seriously. The next example I found from the book was Korotun’s unhappy marriage. Her husband Dramane was an alcoholic. One day when he came back to home and was not able to find his wife. He was pissed and thought his wife cheated on him. He was always jealous and insecure. At night, he went out and found o ut his wife was selling sweet potatoes in the middle of the town and he was drunk and pissed. He slapped her at her face and dragged her back and screamed at her, saying she was flirting with the men (page 47). The third example I want to share was from the Week 7 lecture, which were theShow MoreRelatedSocial Stratification And Gender Inequality Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages History has seen multiple forms of social stratification whether it may be social class, caste, slavery, race or even gender. Social stratification places groups of people in a hierarchy depending on their social status which is respective to their economic income. This in turn determines their social position in society. With social stratification comes social mobility. These two terms are commonly found together when describing social stratification. Social mobility is simply â€Å"the change of socialRead MoreGender Stratification Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Helsin, Possamai and Possama i-Inesedy (2011 p. 625) gender stratification occurs when a specific gender has unequal access to power, property and prestige. As gender is classed as a master status it forms a significant structural characteristic within society (Helsin, Possamai Possamai-Inesedy 2011, p. 310). Therefore, it is society, through social construction that determines what gender norms are considered appropriate and can be passed through generations of people via agents ofRead MoreSocial Stratification : Social Class, Ethnicity, Age, And Gender1074 Words   |  5 Pages It is in the human nature to be social beings, and have a social identity. Social stratification is the organization of individuals into social groups based on their access to basic needs. Aspects that affect social stratification are wealth, power, and prestige. Wealth is the amount of currency or goods that an individual or family owns. This can include money, houses, livestock, etc. Power is the ability for one to achieve the ir goals regardless of opposition. Wealth is directly related toRead MoreGender Stratification And Its Impact On Society964 Words   |  4 Pagesnormalization gender in our cultures. They tell us how should be to act, what we are permitted to do and what not, and what to assimilate as correct or incorrect. These roles vary from culture to culture and with time. There are also external factors that affect the normalization of gender such as economy, religion, and globalization. I chose this film because it perfectly reflects the mentality of society in the 50 s, a postwar time of economic boom and where gender stratification was highly presentRead MoreGender Stratification in the U.S. Today Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagessurrounding gender stratification in the U.S. today. Sexual characteristics inequality has been extremely diverse and wide spread. Women and men are disproportionate in every possible way in never-ending circumstances, both instant and durable, by both idea criteria and prejudiced experience. Therefore, what tally as gender difference in family life, education, workplace and politics? These social structures are assembly on the base of the masculinity and femininity, gendered role and gender identityRead MoreWhy Does Gender Stratification Exist?586 Words   |  2 PagesAssignment Three Why does gender stratification exist? ` Stratification in society are divisions and rankings into social classes. This essay will explore and discuss gender stratification in terms of specific criteria, based on position and influence within society, and financial standing. Inequalities and ways that gender stratification are related to three distinct theories will be discussed. These include symbolic interactionism, conflict theory , functionalism and feminist theory. A rangeRead MoreWhy Does Gender Stratification Exist? Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pages‘Wrap Your Mind around the Theory’ Question: Why does gender stratification exist? Introduction: Throughout history, women have been regarded as of lesser value than men particularly in the public sphere. This is the result of gender stratification. Gender stratification refers to the issue of sexism, â€Å"or the belief that one sex is superior to the other† (Carl et al., 2012, p. 78). The theory that men are superior to women is essential to sexism. The negative consequences of sexism has led to theRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Gender Stratification on Women1258 Words   |  6 PagesGender stratification is the cuts across all aspects of social life and social classes. It refers to the inequality distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women at the basis of their sex. The world has been divided and organized by gender, which are the behavioural differences between men and women that are culturally learnt (Appelbaum Chambliss, 1997:218). The society is in fact historically shaped by males and the issue regarding the fact has been publicly reve rberating throughRead MoreGender Stratification Of Family Responsibilities And The Division Of Labor922 Words   |  4 PagesDespite the increase of women entering the labor force in the last several decades, family responsibilities remain disproportionately part of the woman’s daily life on top of a full time job. This paper aims to explore the gender stratification of family responsibilities and the division of labor within families headed by a heterosexual couple, and asks why working women remain the primary caregiver in a nuclear family, and how this â€Å"second shift† impact family and society. I will discuss the breadwinner/caregiverRead MoreSocial Construction Of Gender Is A Process, Stratification System And Structure1838 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Construction of Gender is a process, stratification system and structure. The day to day interactions emphasize gender as opposites. Take for instance, conversations, formalities of daily life, sayings, and so o n. The social construction of gender is created through social interaction – through the things we do and say with other people. This means that gender it is not a fixed or inherent fact, but instead it varies across time and place.(The Social Construction Of Gender). Sex denotes to the

Bankruptcy Court in Richmond Free Essays

In the Eastern Edition of Wall Street Journal, an article was published on April 14, 2009 with reports that Circuit City sought the permission of U. S. Bankruptcy Court in Richmond, Virginia to sell the â€Å"Circuit City† and â€Å"The City† brand names and related Web sites, phone numbers, and trademarks to Systemax Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Bankruptcy Court in Richmond or any similar topic only for you Order Now , the same company who bought the CompUSA brand name in 2008. This kind of scenario in the business world is an example of acquisition. As defined by the Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms, the term â€Å"acquisition† refers to a process where: â€Å"†¦one company taking over controlling interest in another company. Investors are always looking out for companies that are likely to be acquired, because those who want to acquire such companies are often willing to pay more than the market price for the shares they need to complete the acquisition† (2006). In this project, the acquiring company is Systemax Inc while the target company for acquisition is the Circuit City. Systemax Inc. (NYSE: SYX) is a Fortune 1000 company and leading retailer of brand name like TigerDirect, CompUSA, MISCO and Global Industrial Equipment, and of private label products including personal computers, notebook computers, consumer electronics, computer-related accessories, technology supplies and industrial products. Systemax sells these products through Integrated Marketing mix such as: branded e-commerce websites, direct mail catalogs, relationship marketers and retail stores. The company also manufactures and sells personal computers under the Systemax logo and computer components under the Ultra Products brand. The company reach extends to a wide range of customers from individual consumers, to small-to-medium sized businesses, to major corporations, to government organizations and to the educational market. On the other hand, Circuit City Stores, Inc. (Pink Sheets: CCTYQ) used to be the second largest U. S. electronics retailer, after Best Buy in brand-name consumer electronics, personal computers, entertainment software, and large appliances. At the time of liquidation, there were 567 Circuit City Superstores nationwide with store size ranging from 15,000 to 45,000 square feet (1400 to 4000 m? ), when the company announced total liquidation. When the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in November 2008, an additional 155 stores were closed with the intent of continuing business operations. However, as a consequence of global economic recession during the late 2000s, the lack of consumer spending and overall economic downturn resulted to the demise of the company. When the company shut operation, a small staff remains active at corporate headquarters to complete the company’s business such as the termination of its many leases, and the sale of its company-owned real estate and Canadian subsidiary. From the acquisition and take over that happened between Systemax Inc. and Circuit City, we can now see how the managers of these two companies strategically implemented their business plans and goals. As for the Systemax Inc, the bankruptcy of Circuit City is a blessing not only because a giant competitor has closed operations, it can now enjoy the existing infrastructures and other stakeholders of the said company. With 14 million dollars cash plus a share of future revenue generated from those assets over a 30-month period, the managers of Circuit City can now address its internal concerns with the employees and customers. The employees can now receive separation payments as deemed by the Labor laws and the customers can now ask for refunds for the defective products sold at Circuit City. References ACQUISITION. (2006). In Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms. Hauppauge, NY: Barron’s Educational Series. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from http://www. credoreference. com. ezproxy. stedwards. edu:5000/entry/barronsfin/acquisition Morath, E. (2009, April 14). Circuit city aims to sell brand name to systemax. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. B. 6. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Wall Street Journal database. (Document ID: 1678320131). How to cite Bankruptcy Court in Richmond, Papers

Happiness And Aristotle Essay Example For Students

Happiness And Aristotle Essay Aristotle discusses the ideal state and citizens. In his ideal state, Aristotle states about the features of citizens and answers the question of who sould be citizen? . The concept of citizen is very important in his ideal state, because according to Aristotle citizens have the fullest sovereign power, and it would be ridiculous to deny their participation in the state management. Aristoles inspiration is from biology. It depends on teleology. Teleology is about purposefullness.Everything has a purpose. So the form of the citizen is like that. Aristotle argues that citizens have a common purpose for the stability of association, because they are the most important part of society. According to Aristotle, a citizen is one who participates in giving judgement and holding office. For citizens membership on juries has no limitation or to be a member of an assembly. But there is no agreement as what constitutes a citizen generally. The citizens will necessarily vary according to the constitution. In a democracy, the all poor people could be citizens; however in an oligarchy the rich people are going to be citizens. It means in an oligarchy only rich people will give judgement and hold office. Aristotle states that resident foreigners and slaves are not citizens. Because citizens are a particular class of men, the others (slaves, foreigners, workers) dont have the f unction of ruling and being ruled according to Aristotle. Therefore the occupations of others are different from the citizens.Aristotle makes discrimination in society. Many people couldnt have right to be citizens because of their occupations or situations in society. Aristotle argues some virtues about the citizens and rulers. At first he states that the virtue of the citizen must be in relation with the constitution. There are many types of constitutions. In each constitution there are different virtues. For instance in Aristocracy courage is the main virtue but in monarchy wisdom is the main virtue. So it is hard to explain certain virtues for citizens. With the consideration of circumstances we can say some virtues for citizens. But the most important and main virtue of the citizen is to contribute to the stability of association as it is mentioned. Aristotle states that the virtues of ruler and ruled person are different. He states that the virtue of ruler is practical wisdom and the ruled person should have correct opinion. Of course, the concept of correct opinion should conform to the constitution. According to Aristotle citizens should have so much features ,which are seemed to be impracticable in society. Aristotle argues that citizens should participate in judgement and hold office. That means the good citizen must have the knowledge and ability both to rule and to be ruled. It is very hard to find a citizen who fits these qualifications, because every person can not have the ability to ruling. Aristotle wants to explain the form of citizen with teleology. A citizen should have a purpose for the stability of the association. But I think a citizen should not to be compelled to rule. BibliographyAristotle politicsPhilosophy

Sex in Advertising free essay sample

Firebombed and Fitch will be investigated to see how their designers negotiate ethical issues within an industry. Sex in advertising is most commonly used in image-based products such as alcohol, cigars, fragrance, cosmetics and fashion (Koran, 2006, p. 2). Koran also maintains that the main target audiences for sex in advertising are twelve to seventeen year olds because of their increasing disposable incomes and their curiosity towards sex. This target audience raises concerns of whether it is ethical to be associating sex with a product that young people will see and potentially buy.A common idea is that sex in advertising does catch the viewers attention but often brand recognition is sacrificed (Blair, Stephenson, Hill, and Green, 2006, p. 109). Severe, Belch and Belch (1990, p. 14-22) came out a study, which found sex in advertising detracted the viewers processing of the message and ability to remember the brand. However, Deflating (2006) disagrees with this study. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex in Advertising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He believes sex does sell as our fundamental instincts take over when we are presented with sex in advertising.From this one can assume, according to Deflating, there are no ethical implications with signers using sex in advertising, as it is a natural aspect of life and therefore expected rather than shocking. In contrast to Defaulters claims Cyberpunks (2000) points out that The flaw in the sex sells theory is that sex does not sell. Sexiness sells. (p. 14). With regard to the Victorians Secret advertisement (see fig. 1) it is clear that the idea of being sexy can sell. The model, although naked, is tastefully covered. The designer Of this advert has considered the ethical implications of the consumers. This advertisement has sex appeal but with the coverage of the model the brand name can still be recognized and remarkable. The viewer is not bombarded with explicit sexual material therefore the designer has successfully negotiated the ethics of sex in advertising in accordance of what consumers feel is ethical. Consumer response is vital when it comes to ethical implications however one must also look into the designers mind whilst they are creating advertisements of a sexual nature. Bird and Waters (1 989, p. 75) conducted an experiment to determine whether or not designers ire considering the ethical implications of their work.They came up with a classification, moral muteness, which summarizes the designers who did not present moral once in their work. Moral muteness meant that ethics were rarely discussed in the design process. The fact that there is a classification tells us there are a high number of designers who are not thinking about the ethical implications of their work. Branding expert Lee Newman expresses his opinion on why this might be when discussing if he would work with an unethical client, If was financially secure, and if felt strongly about it, no, I wouldnt take the client. If I wasnt busy and needed the money, I would think about it Thin reason (Airy, 2007). It is clear that finance is a crucial element to whether or not ethical implications are negotiated. With this theory in mind the essay will now see if corporate companies within industry are considering ethical implications. Victorians Secret is one of Americas biggest lingerie brands in the fashion industry and actively uses sex in their advertising successfully. As a result of their use of sex in advertising within two years Victorians Secret went from being ranked twenty sixth to ninth amongst the most recognizable brands (Richter, 2003, p. 90). Ethical implications for various Victorians Secret advertisements have not always been thought about as evidence shows that The Wall Street Journal have turned down their adverts for being too sexually orientated (Richter, 2003, p. 194). However, elements of ethical implications are being considered by designer Victor Angled in the 2012 Victorians Secret CRY campaign (see fig. 2). Although the advertisements imply nudity the models are covered by the CRY code thus complying with the ethical concerns of many consumers who disagree with nudity being shown in public.Angled gives the viewer an opportunity to reveal what is under the CRY code by scanning it, making it so the viewer controls how much or little of the advert hey want to see. This is a successful negotiation of ethical implications as power is given to the consumer to make their own choices. In comparison to Victorians Secret designer Victor Angled, the Calvin Klein designers in the fragrance industry are not so sympathetic to the ethical implications of their advertisements. As Bird and Waters (1989) would describe, the Calvin Klein designers suffer from moral muteness.Calvin Kelvins erotic advertisements are producing over five billion dollars of retail sales annually, once again proving that sex does sell (Richter, 2003, p. 33). Blair et al. 2006, p. 114) make a valid point that it is the advertising agencies that should take responsibility and control ethics involved with sex in advertising. The major concern from this statement is that all of Calvin Kelvins advertising is done through an internal company called CRY Advertising, meaning that the company controls the advertising not an external agency (James, 2009).Thus, there is no barrier that assures ethical implications are being adhered to. This is clearly evident in their fragrance advertisement (see fig. 3). The woman in the advertisement is naked and has been shot in a suggestive position. It is no wonder that Calvin Klein has been credited by feminists and the Women Against Pornography as objectifying and exploiting women (Richter, 2003; Richter and Lambdas, 2003). Designers here seem to be following Scott and Batters (2003, p. 5) theory that people can cope with this style of advertising if they are aware that most images are digitally enhanced. Chine et al. 2004) disagrees with this point and questions whether it is ethical to play off of peoples insecurities to sell a product. They also go on to say that those who are more likely to buy the products are insecure and use the product as a confidence boost to appear sexier. The evidence here suggests that Calvin Klein designers are not negotiating with the issue of ethical implications; instead they are manipulating their consumers for their own financial gain. Firebombed and Fitch is another brand that heavily utilizes sex in advertising and do not always consider the ethical implications of their work.The company changed from selling fishing gear to sexy apparel in the sasss successfully due to their provocative marketing campaigns (Richter, 2003, p. 31 Perhaps one Of their only campaigns that show the designers ethical incinerations is the Quarterly (see fig. 4), which is a three hundred page promotional magazine that features nude or semi-nude models (Richter, 2003, p. 231). The publication is restricted to persons over the age of eighteen showing that the designers have limited the audience of the magazine to people who are of an age where they can choose what they read.This is a clever tactic for the designers as they have negotiated the issue of ethical implications in this instance by offering a choice, much like the Victorians Secret campaign. However, Firebombed and Fitch have many public advertisements that are controversial (see fig. ). The billboard features a man of a muscular build pulling his jeans down. His head is cropped out, clearly objectifying the man as an ideal. Obviously ethical implications have not been thought about here as this billboard is exposed to the public, including children and young teenagers. The billboard impacts the societal views of youth as they see a muscular man and aspire to be him or be with him (Johan, 2001 p. 324). Koran (2006) describes the affects of this sort of advertising saying that it can stunt the growth of young men as they begin lifting weights too early in life in an attempt to be as muscular as the models hey see. One could conclude that Firebombed and Fitch do negotiate the ethical implications of their work in instances but it is rarely evident in most campaigns.After examining the work of various designers who use sex in advertising it is clear that the negotiation of ethical issues is not deemed essential in most advertisements. Although some designers such as Victor Angled have shown that ethical implications are being considered, the works of Calvin Klein and Firebombed and Fitch outweigh this with their objectification of men and women. In summary it is clear that sex does sell to consumers so it s expected that this style of advertising will continue to be used and regularly seen by the public.

Die negatieve groepssfeer Essay Example

Die negatieve groepssfeer Essay Example Die negatieve groepssfeer Essay Die negatieve groepssfeer Essay Afhankelijk new wave de interne en externe omstandigheden wordt de sfeer in een groep bepaald. Elke groep maakt wisselingen en ups and downs mee deze wisselingen zijn een natuurlijk proces. Interne factoren dice kunnen meespelen zijn, de samenstelling en wisseling binnen de groep ( command line interface A ; euml ; National Trusts of begeleiders ) , rolverdeling, huge gestelde Normans en normveranderingen. Externe factoren zijn, de maatschappelijke omgeving, discussies over de aard van de zorg die er wordt verleend, financiering, fusies, reorganisaties en departementale richtlijnen. Belangrijk is dat deze wisselingen en ontwikkelingen besproken en erkend worden. [ 1 ] Een persoon ontwikkeld zich aan de manus new waves invloeden vanuit het gezin of vanuit de maatschappij. Via groepen leert het individu denken en waarnemen. Groepen worden weer beinvloed door de maatschappij. [ 2 ] heated zelfbeeld new wave een sort wordt voor een deel bepaald door de manier waarop de ouders een andere belangrijke mensen met hem omgaan. Als ouders vaak boos zijn op Hun sort en veel op hem mopperen, krijgt het geleidelijk het idee digital audiotape het onaardig is en niet veel waard. Het sort gaat langzamerhand steeds negatiever over zichzelf denken. het gevolg is dat het zich ook steeds negatiever gaat gedragen [ 3 ] op welke theorie A ; euml ; n beroepen de auteurs zich? De veldtheorie is ontwikkeld door Kurt Lewin grondlegger new wave de groepsdynamica. zijn theorie vorming is sterk beinvloed door de grondidee A ; euml ; n van de gestaltpsychologie dot omdat hij studeerde bij de grondleggers van de gestaltpsychologie. Lewin richtte zich op het gebied new wave motivatie en persoonlijkheidsleer. een groep is meer dan een optelsom new wave individuen. Ook een groep heeft enkele eigenschappen dice niet af Te leiden zijn uit de afzonderlijke leden Ook is er de psychoanalytische benadering dice het werk new wave Freud uit Wenen. Freud hield zich bezig met motivatie processen en afweer mechanismen binnen heated individu. Het werk van Freud is bijzonder bruikbaar gebleven voor het verkrijgen van dieper inzicht in groepsprocessen. Jan Remmerswaal geeft een opsomming new wave de bij groepsdynamica betrokken theorie A ; euml ; Ns. de interactie theorie de systeem benadering de veldtheorie De sociale psychologie benadering de psychoanalystishce benadering Humanistissche benaderingen maatschappelijke ori amp ; euml ; ntaties organisatieontwikkeling [ 4 ] In de cognitieve therapie verondersteld work forces dat de klachten zijn ontstaan en in base gehouden worden door aangeleerde situationeel snel opgerakelde negatieve scheme s. de cognitieve therapie is erop gericht om dergelijke negatieve verwerkingsprocessen Te veranderen, door pati A ; euml ; nten nieuwe denk- nut gedragswijzen aan Te leren 3 met welke maatregelen kunnen de socio therapeuten het agressieve gedrag beinvloeden volgens de auteurs? Van grote invloed op een groep zijn de mensen die de groep begeleiden. Of zoals Wim Goossens het beschrijft de co-begeleiding new wave de groepen. Wim beschrijft digital audiotape de rollen die de co-begeleidende socio- therapeuten zowel new wave invloed zijn op elkaar ALSs collega s, dat dot ook invloed heeft op de groep. Zo kan de groep de verschillen in karakter eigenschappen en vaardigheden new wave bepaalde collega s tegen elkaar gaan uitspelen. Han dynasties snijders beschrijft in hoofdstuk 7 gedetailleerd digital audiotape, vroegtijdig signaleren en benoemen naar heated individu of de groep, gesprekjes aangaan met de pati A ; euml ; nten waar heated probleem ligt kan helpen in heated beinvloeden new wave een agressieve, weerstand of destructief gevoelige sfeer. 3 Een kenmerkende taak voor een socio- therapeut is heated uitoefenen new wave groepsinterventies. De socio therapeut mengt zich met een groepsinterventie tussenbeide bij interacties tussen groeps- of teamleden. De socio therapeut intervenieert en beinvloed daarmee bewust de gang van zaken in een behandelgroep. De groepsinterventies kunnen gericht zijn op het individu, de gehele groep, een subgroep of in het algemeen op iedereen in de ruimte. 3 De groep weet wat collega s new wave elkaar vinden, welke rol collega s tegenover elkaar aannemen, en wat zij kunnen doen bij welk co- begeleidende samenstelling. Wim benoemd de voor en nadelen van co- begeleiding op een groep. [ 5 ] de kans op regressie neemt af ALSs de groepsleider meer persoonlijke aandacht aan de groepsleden besteedt, zich actief en unfastened opstelt en een heldere voorspelbare structuur aanbrengt in zijn behandelgroep 3 wat is de huidige situatie in groepswerk werken met groepen is fascinerend en verrassend maar gaat gepaard met veel vragen en twijfels. Er gebeurt in een behandelgroep zoveel tegelijk, digital audiotape het moeilijk kan zijn om een focal point Te vinden dice helpt om de juiste keuze Te maken voor de leiderschapsstijl, de manier waarop we een voorwaardenscheppende houding aannemen en groeptherapeutische factoren benutten. En daarna komen de vele vragen op over welke interventie mogelijkheden passend zijn [ 6 ] Haas, T. ( 2006 ) . Parallelprocessen. Houten: Bohn Stafleu new wave Loghum. Remmerswaal, J. ( 6e herziende druk: 2003 ) . Handboek groepsdynamica. Soest: Nelissen. Bakker, I. , A ; Husmann, M. ( 2008 ) . Positief omgaan met kinderen. Assen: Van Gorcum. Remmerswaal, J. ( 2005 ) . Artikel uit: Groepswerk ALSs uitdaging. Houten: Bohn Stafleu new wave loghum. Goossens, W. ( 2005 ) . Artikel uit: Groepswerk ALSs uitdaging. Houten: Bohn Stafleu new wave Loghum. Snijders, H. ( 2006 ) . Interventies in behandelgroepen. Houten: Bohn Stafleu new wave Loghum.

Reflection of motion picture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Business Proposal for a Partnership Firm Assignment

Business Proposal for a Partnership Firm - Assignment Example The assignment "Business Proposal for a Partnership Firm" discusses the organizational structure and the management team of Millimeters which is supposed to be a partnership firm with three partners involved in it. They would hold the managerial positions in three separate departments and would work as full-time employees of the company. Luz having experience in the field of procurement and budgeting would be responsible for the same. Christopher having experience in the field of operations management would be responsible for the daily operations and management of the company. The daily scheduling activities related to the store and the future requirements for the store, all would be managed by Johnathan. Apart from these three, other staffs would assist them in their job. The company would also hire specialists in each field of services that are supposed to be offered by the company. There are no significant weaknesses of the company regarding the technical knowledge and relevant business activities that are required to be performed to run the company successfully. However, the three owners of the company being new in this field of running a home improvement store business can prove to be disadvantageous for the company in managing its resources effectively and efficiently. In due course of time, this deficiency could be overcome easily through increased knowledge of running the business. A well-constructed personnel plan has been developed for the company to help in running the business efficiently.... Personnel Plan A well-constructed personnel plan has been developed for the company to help in running the business efficiently. The three owners of the company, apart from getting a share in the profits of the company will also receive remuneration for their respective managerial functions being conducted in the company. The personnel plan has been as such that it would include the three managers in the form of its owners, on cashier would be handling all business matters concerned with cash inflows and outflows of the company. Initially there would be four specialists meant for four different services to be offered by the company initially and they would be on-duty at all times during the business hours. The supporting staffs and workers would total around 8 to 10, working on an average every day. The personnel plan constructed for the company has been summarized in the table give below (Table - 1). It includes the first five years’ forecasted figures regarding the salaries and wages of the employees of the company. Table – 1 (Personnel Plan) Â   Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Luz Angela Lopez 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 65,000 Christopher Mong 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 60,000 Johnathan Douglass 40,000 45,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 Specialists 100,000 125,000 150,000 175,000 200,000 Cashier 20,000 22,000 24,200 26,620 29,282 Others 10,000 11,000 12,100 13,310 14,641 Total Payroll 265,000 297,000 339,200 376,620 404,282 Total Personnel 15 18 20 22 22 Financial Analysis Seating up of the About Millimeters business concern would require a significant amount of investment initially. The major portion of this initial funding would be borne by the three owners of the company.

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Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay

Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Understanding family violence in the military is an important concern because of the unique stresses faced by military families on a daily basis that could place them at greater risk for family dysfunction. Long separations, such as Deployment to war, can create a stressful lifestyle for military families. In the mid to late 1990s advocates and activists, were able to persuade policy makers that domestic violence constituted a social problem specifically for the military. American foreign policy has resulted in the deployment of U.S. military personnel to nations around the world, providing servicemen opportunities to meet and socialize with local women. Immigrant status keeps many women from seeking help or leaving the abusive relationship, fearing they cant ask for help and deportation. The servicemen tried to prevent their immigrant wives from gaining independence or leaving the marriage. The militarys approach to prevent, identify and intervene with domestic violence relies heavi ly on the Family Advocacy Program (FAP). Introduction Family violence may be more common in the military population compared to the civilian population because of higher overall stress levels associated with the military lifestyle (e.g., frequent separations, long work hours, dangerous work environment, etc.). Long separations, such as Deployment to war, can create a stressful lifestyle for military families. Studies have proven long deployments increase the chances of returning with combat trauma, as a result heightens the risk of domestic violence (Rentz et al., 2006). Understanding family violence in the military is an important concern because of the unique stresses faced by military families on a daily basis that could place them at greater risk for family dysfunction. Members of the armed forces are often required to relocate to another city, state, or country, often resulting in a disruption to family life. They also tend to work long hours and are subject to extended separations in the form of schooling, temporary assignments, or deployment, all of which may interfere with family obligations (Alvarez Sontiag, 2008). Domestic Violence in the Military: The History The Department of Defense has taken a clear stance against family violence. In 1981, Department of Defense Directive 6400.1 required each branch of military service (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps) to establish (a) a Family Advocacy Program to prevent and treat child maltreatment and spouse abuse and (b) a confidential central registry to collect and analyze Family Advocacy Program data (Department of Defense, 2004). It is unclear whether or not family violence would be more common among military families than among civilian families. Family violence may be more common in the military population compared to the civilian population because of higher overall stress levels associated with the military lifestyle (e.g., frequent separations, long work hours, dangerous work environment, etc.). Soldiers are subject to deployments and relocations that can often lead to a separation from peers and community support networks. Frequent and extensive separations may have a profound impact on marriages, particularly those of short duration, because they present a window of opportunity for the spouse left behind to explore independence and develop other relationships. For those relocated to installations located outside of the continental United States, social and cultural isolation is fairly common (Rentz et al., 2006). There is an increasing number of active duty military (ADM) women, like their civilian counterparts, at risk for domestic violence (DV). This study illustrates active duty military womens attitudes and choices concerning the militarys policy on domestic violence. 474 ADM women from all services were interviewed via telephone. Nineteen of whom had experienced DV during their military service (Gielen et al., 2006). During the study, ADM women were afraid if they were to report domestic violence it would jeopardize their job. In fact, a higher proportion of military women thought regular screening would intensify future abuse (Gielen et al., 2006). This may be related to the military context in which there is mandatory reporting and a lack of confidentiality. United States Military Culture Gender-based violence, such as sexual harassment, rape, and domestic violence, is a global phenomenon that occurs among military families and within military communities, during peace time and in time of war. A number of researchers and activists have argued that military culture, shared norms, for example, regarding masculinity, sexuality, violence, and women, is conducive to rape and sexual harassment, as well as domestic violence (Adelman, 2003). In the United States, however, it was not until the mid to late 1990s that advocates and activists, working both within and outside of the military, were able to persuade policy makers that domestic violence constituted a social problem specifically for the military. Widespread media coverage of military-generated sexual harassment and sexual assault scandals as well as reporting of high rates of domestic violence in the U.S. military in Time magazines and 60 Minutess motivated the Department of Defense to address domestic violence in the military (Adelman, 2003). Civilian advocates for battered women as well as military personnel warn that domestic violence harms servicewomen and civilian women (and their children) who are married to military servicemen. It also has been argued that domestic violence goes against the institutional values of the military and negatively affects military readiness (Adelman, 2003). These include creation of a task force, strengthening of reporting protocols, enhancement of the Family Advocacy Program, and encouragement to create public notice between civilian and military authorities. Military policies regarding domestic violence diverge from civilian approaches in several significant ways. What constitutes a criminal violation, for example, and who substantiates a complaint of domestic violence conform to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ, n.d.). Privacy and confidentiality are not guaranteed within the military system, which mandates the reporting to unit commanders of suspected cases of domestic violence regarding personnel under their supervision. Military responses to domestic violence differ most clearly from civilian, state-based responses in that the social control mechanism doubles as the offenders employer. In the United States, the military or the military base constitutes a relatively isolated and autonomous social and legal entity that produces and is governed by its own language, norms, and laws. This reflects the idealized distance and legal division between military and civilian life in the United States, and as a result, studies of domestic violence in the U.S. military are based on a separation between the civil and the military, making it difficult to conduct comprehensive or comparative research. Orders of protection obtained in a civilian court, for example, may not be enforced within the federal jurisdiction of a military base and vice versa. Much of the concern with and research on military culture and relationships between military culture and domestic violence have been generated in the United States or in countries that host U.S. military bases, due to a number of high-profile cases of sexual harassment, rape, and domestic homicide in the U.S. military (Adelman, 2003). Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence Although the Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence (DTFDV) has made a serious attempt to address many of the concerns related to domestic violence in the military, its analysis of battering is highly flawed in key sections of the report. As a result, the report includes inappropriate recommendations for interventions and remedies. Battering is described as an individual, clinical problem in the section on training of military officers and the section on offender accountability. No attention is given to the societal attitudes and belief systems that support such violence and no distinctions are made between normal marital disputes and the pattern of power and control that characterizes domestic violence (DOD, 2004; Rosenthal McDonald, 2003). The DTFDV report strongly recommends that training be provided to military officers and presents information that should be included in such training. However, there is a troublesome emphasis within this information on anger management as a remedy in some domestic violence cases. The information states that anger management classes should only be utilized in low level emotional maltreatment cases where there has been no physical violence. Classifying any domestic violence case as low level is problematic and indicates confusion about the dynamics of this specific pattern of behavior. Domestic violence is not about everyday arguments and irritabilities between couples. The pattern of behavior that is generally defined as domestic violence involves coercive, intimidating, frightening, and controlling behavior by one partner toward another. Situations in which such a pattern is present generally involve not only emotional maltreatment but also threats of violence that can quickly escala te into physical abuse (Rosenthal McDonald, 2003). Reports of Parental Spousal Violence In the military, family violence directly jeopardizes the familys financial security. A battered wife often protects the military husband against legal proceedings initiated by the military. The military also may be more likely to protect officers accused of spousal violence as compared to enlisted soldiers. Studies indicate that children can accurately report on spousal violence. In the military, 95% of spousal violence occurs in the home and 43% of victims report that children witness the abuse. The study demonstrated that there was as general trend for more spousal violence in the military families with slapping, throwing objects, and an overall measure of violence distinguishing between the military and civilian groups. These differences persisted even when controlling for ethnic background and military rank. Spousal violence was significantly higher in commissioned officers as compared to enlisted personnel. The current study does not address whether the military environment contributes to increased spousal violence or whether individuals prone to abusive behavior are more likely to join the military (Cronin, 1995). Immigration and Domestic Violence Each year, hundreds of thousands of women enter the United States as a spouse of a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident, coming to the United States with significant disadvantages in social status and resources compared with their male partners. Women whose immigrant status is attached to their husbands U.S. citizenship enjoy somewhat greater legal protection than do undocumented immigrant women, but they too are vulnerable due to the structure of immigration law (MSCFV, n.d.). Immigrant status keeps many women from seeking help from abuse or leaving the abusive relationship. Undocumented women fear that if they ask for help, the health or social service provider will turn them in for deportation. However, even battered immigrant women with legal immigrant status feel vulnerable to deportation should they seek help. Asian and Latino immigrant women with spousal visas tied to their abusers also report that fears of deportation maintain their involvement with their batterer (Erez Bach, 2003). The United States is considered a nation of immigrants. Nevertheless, who is allowed to legally immigrate has varied over time. U.S. immigration and naturalization laws have shaped the resulting immigrant pool in terms of gender, race or nationality, sexual orientation, and marital status. Subsequent changes in immigration policy, including an amnesty initiative in the mid-1980s, led to heterosexual family reunification and an increase in the numbers of women and children who migrated to the United States. Such gendered and sexualized patterns reflect how immigration and naturalization law serves to police the purported moral as well as political boundaries of the nation. These immigration laws affect why, when, how, and with whom women immigrate and their experiences of domestic violence subsequent to arrival in the United States (Erez, Adelman, Gregory, 2009; Raj Silverman, 2002). Some women reported that the increase in emotional, sexual, and physical abuse coincided with immigration-specific activities such as entering the country, filing immigration papers, or accessing social welfare systems. The majority of women who came with their spouses reported that the transition and move to the United States altered the dynamics of the relationship: He has had more power to manipulate in the U.S. because I am illegal and depended on him and I didnt have any rights here (Erez et al., 2009). Although law is not intentionally gender biased, one that creates a status-marriage dependency, such as immigration law, makes immigrant women more vulnerable to the domestic violence power dynamic. Military Brides American foreign policy has resulted in the deployment of U.S. military personnel to nations around the world, providing servicemen opportunities to meet and socialize with local women. Some members of the Armed Forces stationed overseas form intimate which they are deployed, making these women military brides, namely, foreign-born women who marry U.S. military personnel. For instance, the deployment of U.S. troops in Asian countries has resulted in more than 200,000 Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Korean, and Filipino women marrying U.S. service members and immigrating to the United States since World War II. On arrival in this country, military brides become immigrants and are subject to U.S. immigration laws, which generally give, with few exceptions, a spouse (or parent) control over the immigration status of their dependents (Erez Bach, 2003). The servicemen tried to prevent their immigrant wives from gaining independence or leaving the marriage. Some husbands prohibited the women from looking for employment. One woman stated that the violence occurred while she was on the telephone discussing a job. Another woman noted that she could only work when her abuser was out of the house. Attempts by the women to take some actions to stop the abuse also triggered violence: [Violence occurred] following meetings with an attorney or military officials (Erez Bach, 2003). Without exception, the women interviewed reported that their husbands (or fiancà © in one case) used their immigration status as a weapon against them. The abuse tactics included threats to report them to immigration authorities, to inform the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) about presumed law violations, to take away the children, or to deport the women (Erez Bach, 2003). Without any close family or friends nearby, the women did not have any semblance of the social and cultural support networks that are available to other military wives. The immigrant women could not travel home, nor could they call or communicate with relatives or friends. They were not familiar with the civilian community around them and did not have the benefit of an immigrant community to turn to for support or advice. Without the presence of family, friends, or community, the isolation and powerlessness intensified (Raj Silverman, 2002). Lack of language skills increases immigrant womens isolation, precludes access to information, and further limits their employment prospects. In responding to domestic violence in the military, special attention should be paid to women whose circumstances involve multiple vulnerabilities, such as military brides. Marital ties of immigrant women to abusive men combine military and immigration-related abuse and dependency, whether real or perceived. The study demonstrates that immigration status can become an additional weapon in the arsenal of abusive military partners. As immigrant women are often not aware of or informed about legal protections and available services, 10 immigration-related abuses can become an effective tool of control and domination. In light of the large number of intimate partnerships formed between American military personnel stationed abroad and foreign-born women, the abuse potential inherent in such relationships warrants special attention by the military in its efforts to address domestic violence (Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence, 2002). It is important to remind all who work with battered women and immigrant communities that we must do what is necessary to improve the lives of battered immigrant women and their children. Members of immigrant communities, battered womens advocates, researchers, policy makers, and most importantly, battered immigrant women must collaborate in designing these efforts. Defense Departments Family Advocacy Program The Department of Defense created a Family Advocacy Program (FAP), providing victims with resources that would help get to safety and back on their feet. The program is available on each military base, and consists of coordinated efforts designed to prevent, identify, report and treat all aspects of child abuse and neglect, and domestic abuse. Each base also has a victims advocate who work with the units FAP (DOD, 2004). Licensed counselors, psychologists and social workers make up the military victim advocate. They are knowledgeable about the process military personnel and their families can take to address domestic violence. They also have available a list of resources, therapists, and shelters that will assist victims and their families. Advocates and consultants work with the victim, advising the individual of available options (DOD, 2004). Commanding officers are ultimately responsible for maintaining good order and discipline among military personnel. Although all the Military Services provide training to assist commanding officers in understanding their roles and responsibilities related to command, the curricula and duration vary by Service. Department of Defense Directive (DoDD) 6400.1 mandates that the Family Advocacy Program (FAP) office notify a service members commanding officer when an act of abuse has allegedly occurred. The directive mandates the education and training of key personnel on policy and effective measures to alleviate problems associated with child and spouse abuse. The directive, however, does not define key personnel (Klimp Tucker, 2001). The services have implemented this policy in varying ways, to include everything from individual briefings with commanding officers once they have assumed command positions on an installation to a group training format. The Army provides specific instructions on briefing commanding officers via Army Regulation 608-18, the Army FAP. The Navys guidance is outlines on OPNAVINST 1752.2A, FAP, noting that commanding officers shall ensure that the command is trained on the identification and prevention of family violence, reporting requirements, and command, community, and FAP response awareness as regular professional development training (Klimp Tucker, 2001). The Air Force provides guidance in Air Force Instruction 40-301, FAP and the Marine Corps provides guidance for commanding officer training in MCOP 1752.3B, Marine Corps FAP Standing Operation. Unit commanders at installations with a family service center should obtain a FAP brief from the FAP manager within 45 days of assuming command (Klimp Tucker, 2001). The Department of Defense does not mandate domestic violence training specifically for military commanding officers. However, the DOD advises the Services to provide education and training for key personnel. Installations vary in their interpretations of the directive, and, as a result, some programs have more depth than others. The militarys approach to prevent, identify and intervene with domestic violence relies heavily on FAP. Given they operate under the guidance of qualified mental health professionals they are readily available to assist those military personnel and their families with their needs. Summary Domestic violence includes but not limited to the willful intimidation, physical assault and battery against an intimate partner or child. It also includes emotionally abusive and controlling behavior that establishes a pattern of dominance and control (NCADV, 2005). Even though domestic violence is never acceptable, mental health professionals know firsthand how the kind of intense stress experienced by military members often leads to abusive behaviors. In the 2008 New York Times article When Strains on Military Families Turn Deadly, the authors state that studies illustrate the relationship between combat experience, trauma, and domestic violence. The article cited a 2006 study which focused on veterans at a Veterans Affairs medical center who sought marital counseling between 1997 and 2003. They found that those with PTSD were significantly more likely to perpetrate violence toward their partner. Studies like these, and reports by those who work with military personnel and their families, have many mental health practitioners, military leaders, and policymakers concerned, and determined to find solutions for countless victims, before its too late. The NYT article mentioned several instances where mental health problems associated with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars led to devastating, deadly homicides, with a service member killing his spouse, or child, and sometimes turning the gun on himself afterwards (Alvarez Sontiag, 2008). Future research is needed that explores family violence in all branches of the military. Studies should also focus on the simultaneous occurrence of child maltreatment and spouse abuse in military families. The civilian and military communities are urged to work toward using common definitions and practices to facilitate comparison of rates among the populations. It is important to further examine service availability and utilization to determine the impact on family violence. References: Adelman, M. (2003). The Military, Militarism and the Militarization of domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 9: 1118-1152. DOI: 10.1177/1077801203255292. Alvarez, L. Sontiag, D. (2008, February 15). When strains on military families turn deadly. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html?pagewanted=2HYPERLINK http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html?pagewanted=2_r=1HYPERLINK http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html?pagewanted=2_r=1_r=1 Cronin, C. (1995). Adolescent reports of parental spousal violence in Military and civilian families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10: 117-122. DOI: 10.1177/088626095010001008. Department of Defense. (2004). Department of Defense Directive 6400.1. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/640001p.pdf Erez, E. Bach, S. (2003). Immigration, domestic violence, and the military: The case of Military Brides. Violence Against Women, 9: 1093-1117. DOI: 10.1177/1077801203255289. Erez, E., Adelman, M. Gregory, C. (2009). Intersections of immigration and domestic violence: Voices of battered immigrant women. Feminist Criminology, 4: 32-56. DOI: 10.1177/1557085108325413. Gielen, A., Campbell, J., Garza, M. A., OCampo, P., Dienemann, J., Kub, J., Lloyd, D. W. (2006). Domestic Violence in the Military: Womens Policy Preferences and Beliefs Concerning Routine Screening and Mandatory Reporting. Military Medicine, 171(8), 729-735. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Klimp, J. W. Tucker, T.T. (2001). Domestic violence. Arlington, VA: Task Force Mid-Shore Council on Family Violence. (n.d.). Domestic violence immigrant victims. Retrieved from http://www.mscfv.org/dvstat.html National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2005). Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.ncadv.org/aboutus.php Raj, A. Silverman, J. (2002). Violence against immigrant women: The roles of culture, context, and legal immigrant status on intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 8: 367-398. DOI: 10.1177/10778010222183107. Rentz, D.E., Martin, S.L., Gibbs, D.A., Clinton-Sherrod, M. Hardison, J. Marshall, S. (2006). Family violence in the military: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, Abuse, 7: 93-108. DOI: 10.1177/1524838005285916. Rosenthal, L. McDonald, S. (2003). Seeking justice: A review of the second report of the defense task force on domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 9: 1153-1161. DOI: 10.1177/1077801203255549. Uniform Code of Military Justice. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ucmj.htm Part II: A Reflection Piece The Family Justice Center Abstract The Family Justice Center (FJC) is just that, a multi-agency service center for victims of family violence and their children. FJC is comprised of multiple community partners. With my legal background interning with the legal network was the best fit. My role consisted of screening domestic violence (DV) victims, assisting in the process of obtaining a temporary restraining order (TRO) and providing court support. As a certified paralegal and currently studying forensic psychology I am finding it somewhat difficult to overstep my boundaries in performing dual roles. The most challenging policy to adhere is the qualifications for obtaining a TRO. It is difficult to determine what qualification constitutes someone as being qualified for a TRO. Does a victim have to get beaten before applying for a TRO? At what point do we justify what qualifies? One of the laws that we do follow is the Dr. Jackie Campbells Danger Assessment. The Danger Assessment (DA) was originally developed by Co-Inv estigator Campbell with consultation and content validity support from battered women, shelter workers, law enforcement officials, and other clinical experts on battering. As every multi-disciplinary team is unique, it is important to be aware of strategies to address challenges related to working in multi-disciplinary teams. Whether it is defining roles, setting boundaries, or ensuring all team members can contribute equally, strategies like these can help multi-disciplinary teams address challenges they often encounter. Introduction There are many forensic psychology settings in which forensic psychology professionals may work. Forensic psychology professionals may work with offenders in the courts, in prisons, in halfway houses, or in community settings. Forensic psychology professionals may also work with crime victims in settings such as domestic violence shelters. There are many reasons why I chose the forensic psychology setting I did for my field experience. The Family Justice Center The Family Justice Center (FJC) focuses on creating a network nationally and internationally minimizing family violence. The center also provides, training, consultation and host conferences. The FJC is comprised of multiple professionals and services such as a military liaison, mental health services, a law enforcement department, and a legal department. The FJC is just that, a multi-agency service center for victims of family violence and their children. This center offers children with close working relationships, shared training and technical assistance, collaborative learning processes, and coordinated funding assistance (FJC, 2009). The FJC legal networks mission statement is to provide convenient and free legal services to victims of domestic violence (FJC, 2009). FJC goes above and beyond their mission statement. They provide additional resources and centers their attention only on the individual client. They provide a child care center for clients with children, a waiting room filled with drinks and snacks is provided as well as small therapy rooms equipped with comfortable sofas. The therapy room is where assessments are conducted for privacy purposes. Roles and Responsibilities FJC is comprised of multiple community partners. With my legal background interning with the legal network was the best fit. My role consisted of screening domestic violence (DV) victims, assisting in the process of obtaining a temporary restraining order (TRO) and providing court support at court hearings. Once the screening is conducted, I consult with my supervising attorney to determine if the client has qualifying elements to proceed with a TRO. To qualify for a TRO through FJC, a client must have one of the following relationships to the person they want restrained: Spouse or former spouse Person with whom you share(d) a living space Have or had a dating/engagement relationship Parents of a child Relative to the second degree (grandparents, but not cousins) The person they wish to have restrained must ALSO have committed one of these acts: Recent physical violence Recent threats of physical violence Harassment Recent sexual assault or molestation Stalking Verbal abuse (only when very severe) (FJC, 2009). Ethical Issues The FJC takes every precaution to follow all ethical codes set upon all professionals within the organization. As I mentioned before the FJC is comprised of various professionals such as detectives, counselors/psychologists and attorneys. Each professional has its own ethical codes to follow. The legal department follows same ethical codes related to confidentiality and release of information (APA, 2010: Ethical Standard Code 4; AP-LS, 2008: Specialty Guideline 10). Each client is required to go through two screenings before they move forward with the legal department. A psychologist screens them and if there are visible injuries, the client is seen by a forensic medical examiner. At this time, a release authorization form of the photos is signed by client. This gives the organization permission to use the photos as evidence for court hearings. Each client is required to sign a confidentiality agreement form prior to meeting with the legal department. As stated above the organization is also comprised of police officers and detectives. Police officers and detectives have their own ethical codes to follow. At times a client would arrive and would also like to file a police report. At the moment the client is allowed to file a report. At no time can the psychologist or attorney be present during this time. If a third party was present during this time, the third party is entitled to testify in court as a witness for the criminal case. It can get pretty complicated. I ran into this problem when assisting with the client that was a detective. As a certified paralegal and currently studying forensic psychology I found it somewhat difficult not to overstep my boundaries in performing dual roles (APA, 2010: Ethical Standard Code 3; AP-LS, 2008: Specialty Guidelines 6). Part of my responsibility prior to assisting with the TRO I have to screen them to determine if they have enough evidence to move forward with a TRO. Sometimes I find myself steering towards a psychological assessment only to remember that Im screening for legal purposes. Legal Issues With the legal field come many laws, regulations and procedures. The most challenging policy to adhere is the

Whats Power Worth? :: essays research papers fc

What’s Power Worth?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we think about air pollution and its sources we generally call to mind the things we see and smell daily. We recall the stench of diesel fumes, the plumes of automobile exhaust, or maybe the belching smoke from factories. Instead of these common culprits, maybe we should instead think about the light switch, the computer, the television, or maybe our air conditioners. We use these items everyday without a thought to the possible ramifications. These familiar household items contribute more to air pollution in our community than all of the aforementioned polluters combined. Their use requires electricity and that electricity is provided by power plants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electricity producing power plants are the largest source of air pollution nationwide (Izaak). More than half of the nation’s power plants produce their electricity by burning coal. These coal-fired plants in particular are responsible for the majority of the most dangerous pollutants emitted by the electric power industry. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), coal-fired plants generate, â€Å"96 percent of sulfur dioxide emissions, 93 percent of nitrogen oxide emissions, 88 percent of carbon dioxide emissions, and 99 percent of the mercury emissions† emitted by the entire power industry (sierraclub).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The power industry’s emissions result in ozone smog, reduced visibility conditions, and acid rain. Additionally, their released mercury is toxic and is absorbed by humans through the consumption of fish. â€Å"More than 70 percent of fish advisories issued [are] for mercury contamination† (sierra club). Mercury can have devastating health consequences for children and women of childbearing age. According to the American Lung Association, â€Å"Children are the most susceptible to the detrimental effects posed by air pollutants [†¦]. In Virginia, 1,256,936 children live within 30 miles of a power plant† (Clear). These close-in areas feel the greatest health impacts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The environmental and human health hazards produced by coal-fired power plants are not a new revelation. The Government recognized decades ago the serious impact of all fossil fuel burning industries. Finally, in 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency was formed. Later that same year Congress passed the Clean Air Act with the intention of significantly reducing airborne pollutants. According to Federal officials, in the past 35 years â€Å"emissions of pollutants have dropped 51 percent nationwide† (Springston). Unfortunately, when the Clean Air Act was created, a loophole was included that â€Å"grand fathered† the electric industry. Pre-existing plants were exempted because Congress believed that their useful life was only 30 to 40 years.

The Positivism in Mexico

â€Å"Positivism in Mexico was primarily and educational philosophy. It tried to break away with the colonial mentality and bring an intellectual emancipation so the modern Mexican mind could step into the future, free from the shackles of obscurantism, superstition and face the truths of science, order and progress. † Evaluate this assessment of positivism in Mexico. How accurate is it? What does it mean by facing â€Å"the truths of science†? What kind of educational innovations did it argue for? The Positive (and Negative) Truth about Mexican Positivism as a 19th Century Mexican Educational Reform Philosophy The assertion that: â€Å"Positivism in Mexico was primarily an educational philosophy. It tried to break away with the colonial mentality and bring an intellectual emancipation so the modern Mexican mind could step into the future, free from the shackles of obscurantism, superstition and face the truths of science, order and progress† (no source) is an accurate one. Further, according to â€Å"Comparative Social Movements: Mexico and the United States†: The Mexican Positivists were a group of elite intellectuals and social scientists that provided guidance and advice to Porfirio Diaz, the dictator that controlled Mexico from 1878 through the eve of the Mexican Revolution in 1910. The cientificos [sic] emphasized the incorporation of Mexico into the modern world system. This was to be accomplished through suppression of the indigenous and mestizo [sic] aspects of he culture and promotion of Mexico's â€Å"European† heritage. The combination of economic liberalization and political authoritarianism was the hallmark of Mexican Positivism. (December 16, 2002) Philosophies of the founder of sociology, Auguste Compte (â€Å"Sociological Positivism†; Auguste Compte), as applied to 19th century Mexican society, i. e. , Mexican Positivism, offered (or imposed, depending on one's viewpoint) educational and other innovations in the later 19th century and earliest years of the 20th (â€Å"The Porfiriato, 1876-1910†). To those nationals who supported Mexican Positivism (and there were many), â€Å"The positivism of Auguste Comte promised progress, discipline, and morality, together with freedom from the tyranny of theology† (Hutto). Further, Mexican Positivism, derived as it was from Compte, emphasized the encouragement of, and a focus upon, scientific inquiry into ways of achieving national social progress measures, while still maintaining the established social order, e. g. , a cornerstone Comptean ideal (Marti, â€Å"Positivism and Human Values: The Quest for a Social Ideal†, March 26, 1994). Mexican Positivism also espoused empirical, as opposed to abstract, definitions of and goals for social progress; as well as systematic strategies and methods for (as we would call it today) the continual improvement of society, or â€Å"Total Quality Management (TQM)† (â€Å"Social Positivism†; â€Å"August Compte†; â€Å"Sociology†). Mexican-born social philosophers like Jose Vasconcelos and Antonio Caso, however, were comparatively abstract, non-scientific thinkers by comparison. They were, in that sense, both relatively non-Mexican Positivists; that is, each favored a more holistic, less systematic integration of philosophy, science, art, education into already inherent (instead of externally-imposed, European-based) social values (Salmeron; Marti; â€Å"Jose Vasconcelos†; â€Å"Antonio Caso†; â€Å"Auguste Compte†). Vasconcelos, for example, was â€Å"in favour [sic] of the education of the masses and oriented the nation's education efforts along secular, civic, and pan-American (americanista) lines† (Wikipedia). Vasconcelos's ideals included, according to Salmeron (p. 267), the concept of: a living experimentalism in which concur, each one in its own function, the data of the senses, the rules of reason, the projects of the will, all in a harmony which engenders love. The ambition to bring into concert all the resources by which consciousness disposes to relate itself to the world and to penetrate more profoundly its own depths [emphasis added]. As for Caso, who was in many ways (although in a more purely academic sense) (Salmoneda), echoed Vasconcelos's ideological viewpoint: â€Å"Caso's thought is a reaction against positivism, an affirmation of liberty, of Christian roots, based on the conviction that man is a spiritual reality which constitutes the culmination of nature. † (Salmoneda, p. 267) In comparison to Vasconcelos and Caso, Compte, the â€Å"Grandfather† (â€Å"Sociology†) of positivism as an integrated social philosophy (â€Å"Auguste Compte†) might have instead espoused the importance of a quantifiable â€Å"blueprint† for Mexican social progress and educational innovation. That, then, could then be empirically tested, and its results quantified and studied, e. g. , a â€Å"science of society† (â€Å"Auguste Compte†). This would represent a systematic approach to measuring all areas of societal progress (or the lack of it), including education. (Salmoneda; â€Å"Auguste Compte†; â€Å"Sociology†). Such an approach, Compte no doubt would argue, would help Mexico, a â€Å"backward† (i. e. non-European) nation, to now be able to â€Å"face the truths of science, order and progress† [whatever those were. They were most likely European truths, which Mexico and Mexicans, being â€Å"backward†, simply had not â€Å"caught on† to yet]. Mexican Positivism had an especially strong, active, and influential supporter in Gabino Barreda. Barreda clearly regarded Mexican Positivism much more favorably than did either Vasconcelos or Caso. Perhaps this was due to his own (Paris-acquired) scientific and medical training, as well as his privileged social background (â€Å"The Porfiriato, 1876-1910†³; Hutto; Marti. Positivism and Human Values: The Quest for a Social Ideal†, March 26, 1994). Barreda was an intellectual, with a predilection for outcomes based on logic; his major concern was the establishment of the sciences and logic as the basal philosophy of education. . . He considered positivist principles necessary in order to educate â€Å"a new elite to guide Mexico in the positive era† (Hale, 1989). Curriculum was defined as â€Å"the encyclopedic learning of the sciences in an ordered hierarchy† hat would establish an intellectual order capable of preventing anarchy in all its forms, and thereby lead to the moral regeneration of society (Hale, 1989). Mexican positivism, embodied in the slogan â€Å"order and progress,† was the backbone of the modernization scheme supported by the cientificos, intellectual followers of Barreda. Led by Jose Ives Limantour, who served as adviser to Diaz, the cientificos developed a plan for economic recovery that was to be carried out through the next twenty-seven years of the Porfiriato. (â€Å"The Porfiriato, 1876-1910†) Mexican Positivism, then, indeed â€Å"tried to break away with the colonial mentality and bring an intellectual emancipation so the modern Mexican mind could step into the future, free from the shackles of obscurantism, superstition and face the truths of science, order and progress† (no source). Since the impetus for it came from a European movement, though, rather than from one that sprang from within the movement itself, the efforts of Mexican Positivism were met with mixed enthusiasm within Mexico itself, and also with mixed results. The Positivism in Mexico â€Å"Positivism in Mexico was primarily and educational philosophy. It tried to break away with the colonial mentality and bring an intellectual emancipation so the modern Mexican mind could step into the future, free from the shackles of obscurantism, superstition and face the truths of science, order and progress. † Evaluate this assessment of positivism in Mexico. How accurate is it? What does it mean by facing â€Å"the truths of science†? What kind of educational innovations did it argue for? The Positive (and Negative) Truth about Mexican Positivism as a 19th Century Mexican Educational Reform Philosophy The assertion that: â€Å"Positivism in Mexico was primarily an educational philosophy. It tried to break away with the colonial mentality and bring an intellectual emancipation so the modern Mexican mind could step into the future, free from the shackles of obscurantism, superstition and face the truths of science, order and progress† (no source) is an accurate one. Further, according to â€Å"Comparative Social Movements: Mexico and the United States†: The Mexican Positivists were a group of elite intellectuals and social scientists that provided guidance and advice to Porfirio Diaz, the dictator that controlled Mexico from 1878 through the eve of the Mexican Revolution in 1910. The cientificos [sic] emphasized the incorporation of Mexico into the modern world system. This was to be accomplished through suppression of the indigenous and mestizo [sic] aspects of he culture and promotion of Mexico's â€Å"European† heritage. The combination of economic liberalization and political authoritarianism was the hallmark of Mexican Positivism. (December 16, 2002) Philosophies of the founder of sociology, Auguste Compte (â€Å"Sociological Positivism†; Auguste Compte), as applied to 19th century Mexican society, i. e. , Mexican Positivism, offered (or imposed, depending on one's viewpoint) educational and other innovations in the later 19th century and earliest years of the 20th (â€Å"The Porfiriato, 1876-1910†). To those nationals who supported Mexican Positivism (and there were many), â€Å"The positivism of Auguste Comte promised progress, discipline, and morality, together with freedom from the tyranny of theology† (Hutto). Further, Mexican Positivism, derived as it was from Compte, emphasized the encouragement of, and a focus upon, scientific inquiry into ways of achieving national social progress measures, while still maintaining the established social order, e. . , a cornerstone Comptean ideal (Marti, â€Å"Positivism and Human Values: The Quest for a Social Ideal†, March 26, 1994). Mexican Positivism also espoused empirical, as opposed to abstract, definitions of and goals for social progress; as well as systematic strategies and methods for (as we would call it today) the continual improvement of society, or â€Å"Total Quality Management (TQM)† (â€Å"Social Positivism†; â€Å"August Compte†; â€Å"Sociology†). Mexican-born social philosophers like Jose Vasconcelos and Antonio Caso, however, were comparatively abstract, non-scientific thinkers by comparison. They were, in that sense, both relatively non-Mexican Positivists; that is, each favored a more holistic, less systematic integration of philosophy, science, art, education into already inherent (instead of externally-imposed, European-based) social values (Salmeron; Marti; â€Å"Jose Vasconcelos†; â€Å"Antonio Caso†; â€Å"Auguste Compte†). Vasconcelos, for example, was â€Å"in favour [sic] of the education of the masses and oriented the nation's education efforts along secular, civic, and pan-American (americanista) lines† (Wikipedia). Vasconcelos's ideals included, according to Salmeron (p. 267), the concept of: a living experimentalism in which concur, each one in its own function, the data of the senses, the rules of reason, the projects of the will, all in a harmony which engenders love. The ambition to bring into concert all the resources by which consciousness disposes to relate itself to the world and to penetrate more profoundly its own depths [emphasis added]. As for Caso, who was in many ways (although in a more purely academic sense) (Salmoneda), echoed Vasconcelos's ideological viewpoint: â€Å"Caso's thought is a reaction against positivism, an affirmation of liberty, of Christian roots, based on the conviction that man is a spiritual reality which constitutes the culmination of nature. † (Salmoneda, p. 67) In comparison to Vasconcelos and Caso, Compte, the â€Å"Grandfather† (â€Å"Sociology†) of positivism as an integrated social philosophy (â€Å"Auguste Compte†) might have instead espoused the importance of a quantifiable â€Å"blueprint† for Mexican social progress and educational innovation. That, then, could then be empirically tested, and its results quantified and studied, e. g. , a â€Å"science of society† (â€Å"Auguste Compte†). This would represent a systematic approach to measuring all areas of societal progress (or the lack of it), including education. Salmoneda; â€Å"Auguste Compte†; â€Å"Sociology†). Such an approach, Compte no doubt would argue, would help Mexico, a â€Å"backward† (i. e. non-European) nation, to now be able to â€Å"face the truths of science, order and progress† [whatever those were. They were most likely European truths, which Mexico and Mexicans, being â€Å"backward†, simply had not â€Å"caught on† to yet]. Mexican Positivism had an especially strong, active, and influential supporter in Gabino Barreda. Barreda clearly regarded Mexican Positivism much more favorably than did either Vasconcelos or Caso. Perhaps this was due to his own (Paris-acquired) scientific and medical training, as well as his privileged social background (â€Å"The Porfiriato, 1876-1910†³; Hutto; Marti. Positivism and Human Values: The Quest for a Social Ideal†, March 26, 1994). Barreda was an intellectual, with a predilection for outcomes based on logic; his major concern was the establishment of the sciences and logic as the basal philosophy of education. . . He considered positivist principles necessary in order to educate â€Å"a new elite to guide Mexico in the positive era† (Hale, 1989). Curriculum was defined as â€Å"the encyclopedic learning of the sciences in an ordered hierarchy† hat would establish an intellectual order capable of preventing anarchy in all its forms, and thereby lead to the moral regeneration of society (Hale, 1989). Mexican positivism, embodied in the slogan â€Å"order and progress,† was the backbone of the modernization scheme supported by the cientificos, intellectual followers of Barreda. Led by Jose Ives Limantour, who served as adviser to Diaz, the cientificos developed a plan for economic recovery that was to be carried out through the next twenty-seven years of the Porfiriato. â€Å"The Porfiriato, 1876-1910†) Mexican Positivism, then, indeed â€Å"tried to break away with the colonial mentality and bring an intellectual emancipation so the modern Mexican mind could step into the future, free from the shackles of obscurantism, superstition and face the truths of science, order and progress† (no source). Since the impetus for it came from a European movement, though, rather than from one that sprang from within the movement itself, the efforts of Mexican Positivism were met with mixed enthusiasm within Mexico itself, and also with mixed results.

Free Essays on Yutori

Japan has certainly made remarkable progress in the post-war period, which can partly be attributed to the work of education. However, in the present, Japan is facing various problems in the education system. Those include but are not limited to, school violence, bullying, class collapse, and decrease in academic ability. Most of the comments made by the media over-exaggerate the issue about today fs  gknife-wielding monsters h but it is still a serious issue nonetheless and many are voicing shock about the recent increase of violence, bullying, and suicide in the schools. According to a survey result by Tokyo metropolitan government, the ratio of 2nd year students in high school who don ft study at all at home was 35% in 1995, and it increased to 43% in 1998. It was found that 80% of students at top-level universities could not solve quadratic equations at the junior high school level and 20% could not calculate fractional and decimal expressions at the elementary school level. What to do when a teenager suddenly goes berserk? How should parents, teachers, and adults in general respond? A wave of violence against teachers has given new urgency to the question,  gWhat do children want, and what do they need that they aren ft getting? h In response to serious concerns about children fs learning, the Ministry of Education has been implementing so-called Yutori no Kyoiku (‚‚Æ‚Ã ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒÅ'†¹Ã‚ ³Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §) or  geducation with room to grow h at elementary and secondary schools. School days were shorterned from six days a week to five days. Teaching contents have been reduced by about 30% for each academic year in the new Courses of Study. The basic aim of the new Courses of Study is to cultivate in children a  gzest for living h ( Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©- à ), including the ability to learn and think by themselves. It is explained that children fs academic ability will not improve if knowledge is merely taught in a one-sided manner. It ... Free Essays on Yutori Free Essays on Yutori Japan has certainly made remarkable progress in the post-war period, which can partly be attributed to the work of education. However, in the present, Japan is facing various problems in the education system. Those include but are not limited to, school violence, bullying, class collapse, and decrease in academic ability. Most of the comments made by the media over-exaggerate the issue about today fs  gknife-wielding monsters h but it is still a serious issue nonetheless and many are voicing shock about the recent increase of violence, bullying, and suicide in the schools. According to a survey result by Tokyo metropolitan government, the ratio of 2nd year students in high school who don ft study at all at home was 35% in 1995, and it increased to 43% in 1998. It was found that 80% of students at top-level universities could not solve quadratic equations at the junior high school level and 20% could not calculate fractional and decimal expressions at the elementary school level. What to do when a teenager suddenly goes berserk? How should parents, teachers, and adults in general respond? A wave of violence against teachers has given new urgency to the question,  gWhat do children want, and what do they need that they aren ft getting? h In response to serious concerns about children fs learning, the Ministry of Education has been implementing so-called Yutori no Kyoiku (‚‚Æ‚Ã ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒÅ'†¹Ã‚ ³Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §) or  geducation with room to grow h at elementary and secondary schools. School days were shorterned from six days a week to five days. Teaching contents have been reduced by about 30% for each academic year in the new Courses of Study. The basic aim of the new Courses of Study is to cultivate in children a  gzest for living h ( Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©- à ), including the ability to learn and think by themselves. It is explained that children fs academic ability will not improve if knowledge is merely taught in a one-sided manner. It ...

Ranking and Social Inequality

Ranking and Social Inequality Ranking is a characteristic of complex societies in which different persons within a society have different quantities or qualities of power, rights and responsibilities. As societies grow in complexity, different tasks are assigned to specific people, called craft specialization. Sometimes specialization leads to status changes. The study of ranking and social inequality in archaeology is based on the anthropological and economic studies of Elman Service (Primitive Social Organization, 1962) and Morton Fried (Evolution of Political Societies, 1967). Service and Fried argued that there are two ways in which ranking of people in a society is arrived at: achieved and ascribed status. Achieved status results from being a warrior, artisan, shaman, or other useful profession or talent. and ascribed status (inherited from a parent or other relative). Ascribed status is based on kinship, which as a form of social organization ties the status of an individual within a group to descent, such as dynastic kings or hereditary rulers. Ranking and Archaeology In egalitarian societies, goods and services are spread relatively evenly among the population. High-ranking individuals in a community can be identified archaeologically by studying human burials, where differences in grave contents, the health of an individual or his or her diet can be examined. Ranking can also be established by the difference sizes of houses, the locations within a community, or the distribution of luxury or status items within a community. Sources for Ranking This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide to the Characteristics of Ancient Civilizations, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. A fairly brief bibliography of ranking and social stratification has been collected for this entry.